ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Systems Containing Bridgehead Nitrogen Atom: Synthesis and Evaluation of Bio-activity of Thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles and Isomeric Thiazolo[2,3-c]-s-triazoles.

1883-1885Synthesis of 2-(3'-bromophenyl)-5-(p-bromophenyl) thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles 4 has been achieved starting from the appropriate 5-mercapto-3-(3'-bromo phenyl)-s-triazole 2. Compound 2 on condensation with α-haloketones gives the ketones 3 which on cyclization with PPA afford 5-(p-bromophenyl)-2-(3'-bromophenyl)thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles 4 and not the isomeric thiazolo[2,3-c]-s-triazoles 6. This has been established by an unequivocal synthesis of 6 through POCl3 cyclization of 3'-bromobenzoylhydrazino-4-p-bromophenyl-thiazole hydrobromide 5. The diuretic, antibacterial and antifungal activities of some of the compounds have also been evaluated

Heterocyclic systems containing bridgehead nitrogen atom: Synthesis and evaluation of bio-activity of thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles and isomeric thiazolo[2,3-c]-s-triazoles

1883-1885Synthesis of 2-(3'-bromophenyl)-5-(p-bromophenyl) thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles 4 has been achieved starting from the appropriate 5-mercapto-3-(3'-bromo phenyl)-s-triazole 2. Compound 2 on condensation with α-haloketones gives the ketones 3 which on cyclization with PPA afford 5-(p-bromophenyl)-2-(3'-bromophenyl)thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazoles 4 and not the isomeric thiazolo[2,3-c]-s-triazoles 6. This has been established by an unequivocal synthesis of 6 through POCl3 cyclization of 3'-bromobenzoylhydrazino-4-p-bromophenyl-thiazole hydrobromide 5. The diuretic, antibacterial and antifungal activities of some of the compounds have also been evaluated

Organic Amendments for Soil Reclamation: A Review

The principle that presents human activities and forms the basis of sustainable soil management must not negatively impact future generations. The soil can be degraded by human activity, natural events like erosion and other factors. Degraded or disturbed soil sometimes lacks organic matter when compared with neighbouring undisturbed areas. Organic amendments that are produced in huge quantity worldwide and have the potential to be widely used for soil reclamation include animal manure, biosolids, waste from fruit pulp, kitchen trash, paper mills, wood scraps, crop residues, etc. This review article explores the mechanisms through which organic addition alters physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and defines significance of organic amendments in the soil reclamation, with a focus on amendment types and application rates for soil amelioration and biomass production. A large-scale use of organic amendments can speed up the initial reclamation process and produce self-sustaining net production. Though easily decomposable organic additions may have immediate but transient impacts, stable and less decomposable molecules may cause effects that last longer. Organic additions consisting of waste products from the forestry, urban and agricultural sectors are used to achieve land reclamation to attain mutual benefits

Induction profiles of mRNA of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus

Herein, the induction of TLRs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was studied. Four groups (1–4) of chickens inoculated with 106 EID50 of H9N2 virus were challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post H9N2 inoculation, respectively. In groups (1–4) TLRs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken PBMCs on day 3 post H5N1 challenge. In H5N1 control group TLRs (1, 2, 5 and 7) cytokines (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL8 and TGF β3) were down regulated. In group 1 down regulation of cytokines and TLRs was similar to H5N1 control birds. Down regulation of TLRs and cytokines in H5N1 control and group 1 resulted death of all the chickens. In group 2, up-regulation of TLRs (3, 7 and 15) and induction of TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ aided virus clearance leading to survival of all the chickens. In group 3 significant up-regulation of TLRs (3, 4 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TGF β3) was detected. In group 4 significant up-regulation of TLRs (2, 3, 7 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8 and IL10) was detected. In groups 3 and 4 simultaneous and significant induction of pro-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokine resulted cytokine dysregulation leading to death of (2/6) and (3/6) chickens respectively. Hence, the study revealed TLRs and cytokines role in modulating the H5N1 infection outcome in chickens pre-exposed to H9N2 virus. •Induction of TLRs and cytokines protected chickens challenged with H5N1 virus three days post H9N2 virus infection.•Hypercytokinaemia in chickens challenged with H5N1 virus 7 and 14 days post H9N2 virus infection resulted in their mortality.•Prior infection of H9N2 virus modulates the outcome of H5N1 virus infection in chickens