Learning to Write with Coherence From Negative Examples

Coherence is one of the critical factors that determine the quality of writing. We propose writing relevance (WR) training method for neural encoder-decoder natural language generation (NLG) models which improves coherence of the continuation by leveraging negative examples. WR loss regresses the vector representation of the context and generated sentence toward positive continuation by contrasting it with the negatives. We compare our approach with Unlikelihood (UL) training in a text continuation task on commonsense natural language inference (NLI) corpora to show which method better models the coherence by avoiding unlikely continuations. The preference of our approach in human evaluation shows the efficacy of our method in improving coherence.Comment: 4+1 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. ICASSP 2022 rejecte

Interfacial Engineering at Quantum Dot-Sensitized TiO2 Photoelectrodes for Ultrahigh Photocurrent Generation

Metal oxide semiconductor/chalcogenide quantum dot (QD) heterostructured photoanodes show photocurrent densities >30 mA/cm2 with ZnO, approaching the theoretical limits in photovoltaic (PV) cells. However, comparative performance has not been achieved with TiO2. Here, we applied a TiO2(B) surface passivation layer (SPL) on TiO2/QD (PbS and CdS) and achieved a photocurrent density of 34.59 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5G illumination for PV cells, the highest recorded to date. The SPL improves electron conductivity by increasing the density of surface states, facilitating multiple trapping/detrapping transport, and increasing the coordination number of TiO2 nanoparticles. This, along with impeded electron recombination, led to enhanced collection efficiency, which is a major factor for performance. Furthermore, SPL-treated TiO2/QD photoanodes were successfully exploited in photoelectrochemical water splitting cells, showing an excellent photocurrent density of 14.43 mA/cm2 at 0.82 V versus the Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE). These results suggest a new promising strategy for the development of high-performance photoelectrochemical devices.Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume IThis work was supported by the Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (KCAP) of Sogang University, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (MSIP) through a National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant no. 2009-0093883). This work also was supported by a grant from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2019R1A2C1003429) and by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1A6A1A03024231). Also, this work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacio′n y Universidades of Spain through the project ENE2017–85087-C3-1-R. Therefore, the authors acknowledge and thank the Korean and Spanish governments for technical and financial support. S. D. G

Systematic functional analysis of kinases in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of death by fungal meningoencephalitis; however, treatment options remain limited. Here we report the construction of 264 signature-tagged gene-deletion strains for 129 putative kinases, and examine their phenotypic traits under 30 distinct in vitro growth conditions and in two different hosts (insect larvae and mice). Clustering analysis of in vitro phenotypic traits indicates that several of these kinases have roles in known signalling pathways, and identifies hitherto uncharacterized signalling cascades. Virulence assays in the insect and mouse models provide evidence of pathogenicity-related roles for 63 kinases involved in the following biological categories: growth and cell cycle, nutrient metabolism, stress response and adaptation, cell signalling, cell polarity and morphology, vacuole trafficking, transfer RNA (tRNA) modification and other functions. Our study provides insights into the pathobiological signalling circuitry of C. neoformans and identifies potential anticryptococcal or antifungal drug targets.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201615370RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A003535CITE_RATE:11.329FILENAME:4. ncomms12766.pdfDEPT_NM:농생명공학부EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:YFILEURL:https://srnd.snu.ac.kr/eXrepEIR/fws/file/fce63c4a-7de7-4741-996f-d8d24af38905/linkCONFIRM:

The Impact of Potential Risks on the Use of Exploitable Online Communities: The Case of South Korean Cyber-Security Communities

The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how risk and value factors affect the intention to use South Korean exploitable cyber-security communities based on the value-maximisation perspective of economics. According to the research model—applying the theory of planned behaviour, prospect theory and perceived risk theory—the test results revealed that intention is negatively affected by security threats, privacy concerns, performance risk and social risk of malicious use. Security threats had a positive impact on privacy concerns. The test results also indicated that perceived value affects both attitude and intention significantly and positively. The findings demonstrate that online-community users, such as computer experts and hackers, are influenced by various sources of perceived risks and perceived value when using exploitable cyber-security communities

Essays on Macroeconomics

These essays contribute to the literature on Macroeconomics. Chapter 1 provides an endogenous growth model to explain the impact of financial reform on a nation’s growth rate both in the short run and the long run. The current literature focuses only on the transition period right after the reform and therefore, cannot match the long-run growth rate that is higher than the pre-reform growth rate. The model primarily operates through a borrowing constraint on firms that prevents them from optimally allocating resources between capital investment and innovation. Through this mechanism, it can explain all three phases of a country’s growth around a financial reform: A very low growth period before the reform, rapid growth immediately following the reform, and finally a convergence to a moderate growth rate in the long run.Chapter 2 develops a monopolistic competition model with multi-sector network linkages. In the presence of monopolistic competition, information of firm size is not sufficient information to measure an individual firm's impact on the economy. Therefore, the interaction between firms should be considered to measure the impact properly.Chapter 3 inspects the impact of input-output linkages on gains from trade. I extend the model from Chapter 2 to an open economy. The conventional issue in the current literature is that the welfare gain from trade is too small. The model is different from existing models with input-output linkages in that it cannot only compare welfare gains with standard models but also enables a counter-factual analysis to examine the importance of network linkages by shutting down the relationship across sectors within the country. In the model, opening trade delivers newly introduced goods to a firm in the country. These newly traded goods will be used to produce other goods in a more efficient way. Through this channel, measured gains from trade are bigger than in the standard literature. The input-output linkages initiate a positive chain reaction through the economy and produce an additional channel for welfare gain that is absent in standard models, thereby increasing measured welfare gain

The Impact of Potential Risks on the Use of Exploitable Online Communities: The Case of South Korean Cyber-Security Communities

The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how risk and value factors affect the intention to use South Korean exploitable cyber-security communities based on the value-maximisation perspective of economics. According to the research model—applying the theory of planned behaviour, prospect theory and perceived risk theory—the test results revealed that intention is negatively affected by security threats, privacy concerns, performance risk and social risk of malicious use. Security threats had a positive impact on privacy concerns. The test results also indicated that perceived value affects both attitude and intention significantly and positively. The findings demonstrate that online-community users, such as computer experts and hackers, are influenced by various sources of perceived risks and perceived value when using exploitable cyber-security communities

Are the Blockchain-Based Patents Sustainable for Increasing Firm Value?

Blockchain technology is changing conventional online transaction systems by eliminating payment gateway firms. The blockchain technology is highly attractive and has earned a lot of attention from investors and firms. To protect blockchain technology, firms acquire a patent of blockchain for enhancing the value of their blockchain technology. However, the sustainable value for a patent of blockchain has not been clearly explored. For this reason, our research attempted to explore the relationship between a patent of blockchain and firm value. We used a real options theory and built robust empirical tests based on United State Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO) data. We collected the patents of blockchains from 2014 to 2018 and matched financial data from the Compustat database. In total, we found 153 panel observations. Our results suggest that a firm’s patent of blockchain originality and t-1 lagged effects for a firm’s patent of blockchain generality are positively associated with firm value in general. In addition, the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain affects firms differently based on their industry. We found that the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain originality was positively and exclusively associated with the software industry, while the sustainable value for the patent of blockchain generality was positively and exclusively associated with the hardware industry