The Effect of Reward Provision Timing in Mobile Application Platforms: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective

With the growing size of the food delivery mobile application market, reviews of restaurants are becoming more significant. As part of their marketing strategy, restaurants listed in Korean food delivery mobile applications such as Baemin and Yogiyo have come up with the Advance Review Reward Promotion (ARRP) in which rewards are given out before writing a review. Despite the perception of great loss accompanied by giving out rewards with uncertain promises from consumers, more and more restaurants are explosively expanding their ARRP, and restaurants not offering such reward promotions are considered rare. Based on extant literature, we hypothesized that the Traditional Review Reward Promotion (TRRP) in which rewards are given out after writing restaurant reviews and ARRP differ in terms of the quantity of reviews, the deviation of the quality of verbal information in reviews, and the quantity of reviews included visual information according to the timing of reward provision

"The Image of PLAZA" : an analysis of an academic community web space using Kevin Lynch's approach for "The image of the city"

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.Some pages folded.Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-113).This thesis is a case study of how the design issues of a community web space can be approached from the viewpoint of urban design not in terms of appearance but in terms of its functionality. An urban public place like a plaza and a community web space both serve their residents' social lives whether real or virtual. There have been many efforts to replicate public spaces into the virtual world. However, considering the completely different materials that compose both spaces, it may be not proper to duplicate just the visual appearance of a city in the virtual world. Therefore, in this thesis, using not the literal adoption of but the functional analogy of urban design, I analyze the legibility of a community web space, 'PLAZA'. This analogy can be divided into two parts. The first part utilizes Kevin Lynch's methodology for the analysis of "the Image of City". I examine the design of PLAZA using the public's mental image of PLAZA, as he used the citizens' image of cities to analyze city spaces. The second part uses physical urban space to interpret the relation between users' mental image of PLAZA and its design. Spatial concepts that are familiar in designing physical spaces are used for this analysis; Graphic, Location, Vitality of a place, and Accessibility. The result of this case study shows both similarities and dissimilarities between an urban public space and DUSP PLAZA for each spatial concept.by Jaecheol Kim.M.C.P

Selective deep convolutional neural network for low cost distorted image classification

Neural networks trained using images with a certain type of distortion should be better at classifying test images with the same type of distortion than generally-trained neural networks, given other factors being equal. Based on this observation, an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with different types and degrees of distortions is used. However, instead of simply classifying test images of unknown distortion types with the entire ensemble of CNNs, an extra tiny CNN is specifically trained to distinguish between the different types and degrees of distortions. Then, only the dedicated CNN for that specific type and degree of distortion, as determined by the tiny CNN, is activated and used to classify a possibly distorted test image. This proposed architecture, referred to as a \textit{selective deep convolutional neural network (DCNN)}, is implemented and found to result in high accuracy with low hardware costs. Detailed simulations with realistic image distortion scenarios using three popular datasets show that memory, MAC operations, and energy savings of up to 93.68%, 93.61%, and 91.92%, respectively, can be achieved with almost no reduction in image classification accuracy. The proposed selective DCNN scores up to 2.18x higher than the state-of-the-art DCNN model when evaluated using NetScore, a comprehensive metric that considers both CNN performance and hardware cost. In addition, it is shown that even higher hardware cost reduction can be achieved when selective DCNN is combined with previously proposed model compression techniques. Finally, experiments conducted with extended types and degrees of image distortion show that selective DCNN is highly scalable.11Ysciescopu

HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on massive corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities in a wide range of tasks. While there are ongoing efforts to adapt these models to languages beyond English, the attention given to their evaluation methodologies remains limited. Current multilingual benchmarks often rely on back translations or re-implementations of English tests, limiting their capacity to capture unique cultural and linguistic nuances. To bridge this gap for the Korean language, we introduce HAE-RAE Bench, a dataset curated to challenge models lacking Korean cultural and contextual depth. The dataset encompasses six downstream tasks across four domains: vocabulary, history, general knowledge, and reading comprehension. Contrary to traditional evaluation suites focused on token or sequence classification and specific mathematical or logical reasoning, HAE-RAE Bench emphasizes a model's aptitude for recalling Korean-specific knowledge and cultural contexts. Comparative analysis with prior Korean benchmarks indicates that the HAE-RAE Bench presents a greater challenge to non-native models, by disturbing abilities and knowledge learned from English being transferred.Comment: Revised Erro

A New Exponentiation Algorithm Resistant to Combined Side Channel Attack

Abstract Since two different types of side channel attacks based on passive information leakage and active fault injection are independently considered as implementation threats on cryptographic modules, most countermeasures have been separately developed according to each attack type. But then, Amiel et al. proposed a combined side channel attack in which an attacker combines these two methods to recover the secret key in an RSA implementation. In this paper, we show that the BNP (Boscher, Naciri, and Prouff) algorithm for RSA, which is an SPA/FA-resistant exponentiation method, is also vulnerable to the combined attack. In addition, we propose a new exponentiation algorithm resistant to power analysis and fault attack as well as the combined attack. The proposed secure exponentiation algorithm can be employed to strengthen the security of CRT-RSA

Innovation-diffusion processes in urban design movements: application of the model-prototype-adaptation framework to new urbanism and neighborhood development practices in Atlanta

This dissertation investigates the transitions of urban design models in practice: the ways in which practitioners have adopted the urban design models and the factors that have influenced such adoption. In particular, this dissertation focused on the unexpected consequences of the adaptations of urban design models and distinguished these effects from those stemming from the inherent limitations of urban design models themselves. The major goal of this dissertation is to clarify the patterns of the transitions associated with urban design models in practice (particularly adaptation) to ensure a better understanding their impact on the urban environment. However, the transitions of urban design models in practice are complex phenomena that multiple actors with diverse interests have participated in and implemented numerous principles of the models over a long period of time and in diverse contexts. Therefore, to minimize such complexities while capturing important elements of the diffusion and adaptation processes, this dissertation presented a theoretical framework, the Model-Prototype-Adaptation (MPA) framework, based on recurring patterns of urban design movements. In the MPA framework, a "model" refers to an integrated set of urban design principles derived from a consensus of opinion of the enthusiastic proponents of an urban design movement; "prototypes" are projects developed by enthusiastic proponents who have strong commitment to the model and the movement; and "adaptations" are projects developed by eclectic followers who have weak commitment to the model and the movement and take advantage of the model for their interests and concerns. With these three key elements, the MPA framework hypothesizes two distinct transitions of urban design models in practice: "evolution," the developmental transition from old prototypes to new prototypes by enthusiastic proponents seeking to more effectively embody the model; and "divergence," a "watered down" application of the model in practice by eclectic followers responding to external factors such as market forces. This dissertation fleshed out the proposed basic MPA framework with historical reviews of the three urban design movements (Garden City, City Beautiful, and Modern) and a literature review of innovation-diffusion theories. In particular, the literature review focused on theories that present major factors influencing the adoption of innovations. The theories suggested that the ways in which adopters, who have different innovativeness and roles, perceive the attributes of innovations influence their decisions to adopt the innovations. In addition to the theoretical construction of the MPA framework, this dissertation presented a comparative case study with New Urbanist practices to test the MPA framework in a real world context. In particular, "divergence" of New Urbanism principles was examined specifically through a comparison of the six matched prototype-adaptation pairs of neighborhood developments in the Atlanta area. The case study first hypothesized three predictions about the perceptions and implementation of New Urbanism principles based on the MPA framework, that is, 1) enthusiastic proponents of New Urbanism perceive New Urbanism principles more positively than eclectic followers; 2) prototypes developed by enthusiastic proponents incorporate more New Urbanism principles and do so more thoroughly than adaptations developed by eclectic followers; and 3) New Urbanism principles that actors perceive more positively are implemented more often and more thoroughly. Data for the case study have been collected through interviews, surveys, field observations, planning documents, and local periodicals. The methods of analysis that were used in this study were pattern matching between predictions and observations, the explanation-building for the findings from pattern matching based on detailed contextual information derived from each case, and finally, cross-case synthesis. The comparative analysis showed that the case observations generally confirmed the three predictions. For example, among the New Urbanism principles, the "creation of an identifiable neighborhood" was perceived the most positively and also implemented the most often and thoroughly by both the enthusiastic proponents and the eclectic followers while "access to public transit" was perceived the least positively and implemented least often by both groups. In addition to the general confirmation of the three predictions, the analysis also revealed numerous unexpected findings, and efforts to build explanations for such findings based on the detailed contexts of each case yielded several important insights: the issue of compatibility between the thorough implementation of the New Urbanism model and the supply of affordable housing; the possibility of positive externalities from the proximity of prototypes to adaptations; two distinct flexibility arguments--flexibility for incremental accomplishment and that for contexts; the extent of public-private partnerships that broaden the influence of the New Urbanism principles beyond project boundaries; and communication problems between enthusiastic proponents and eclectic followers.Ph.D.Committee Co-Chair: Dobbins, Michael; Committee Co-Chair: Elliott, Michael; Committee Member: Clark, Jennifer; Committee Member: Dunham-Jones, Ellen; Committee Member: Stone, Bria

Entry Equilibrium under Asymmetric Information

Recent progress in the theory of entry-deterrence has cast strong doubts on the validity of the limit pricing theory for ad hoc nature of its underlying behavioral assumption-the Sylos postulate. The postulate states that a potential entrant behaves on an assumption that an established firm maintains its pre-entry output after entry has occurred. Many authors have criticized this assumption for its failure to describe convincingly the rules of the post-entry game. The established firm may find it best to reduce its output when entry actually occurs. Many of recent researches have abandoned the Sylos postulate and instead taken it as the rules of the postentry game that a Nash equilibrium is established after entry occurs. In the words, the "fight" strategy is eliminated from the post-entry strategy set of the established firm. Instead, it has focused on pre-entry strategies of the establised firm that could realize an entry-deterring equilibrium. One example is a prior irrevocablecommitment of the established firm such as sunk capacity. (Spence 1977; Dixit 1979, 1980; Eaton and Lipsey 1981; Spulber 1981). In these models, depending on the underlying parameters such as discount factor, cost of capacity and profit structure, the established firm may choose an entry-deterring capacity

Staging nationhood: Topographical liminality and chorographical representations in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama

The primary purpose of the present dissertation is to explore the burgeoning national imaginations staged in Elizabethan and Jacobean dramas, emphasizing how early modern English nationhood began to emerge by negotiating geo-political and cultural liminalities. This project specifically pays attention to "chorographical" accounts of Renaissance dramas: as the word's etymology—"khoros (region)"—suggests, this kind of writing illustrates regional consciousness, linking it with national sensibilities. Thus by reading early modern dramas as staged chorography the project surveys tensions between the centralized nation-state and still powerful regional allegiances in Elizabethan-Jacobean England. As leading theorists of nationhood such as Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm, and Homi Bhabha claim, one of the idées reçues of nationhood is that it is a post-eighteenth-century phenomenon. Nonetheless, early modern literary historians have identified nationalist desire in sixteenth-century English history. For example, while for Richard Helgerson the time of English Renaissance and Reformation was indeed the historical era of nationalist writings, Liah Greenfeld argues that English nationalism as developed by the Tudors was "not the birth of a nation; it was the birth of the nations, the birth of nationalism." In this respect, the rise of public theatres in sixteenth-century England was the materialistic response par excellence to the formation of the centralized nation-state. If medieval religious drama was performed all over the British Isles, from Chester to York to Dublin to Glasgow to Cornwall, English Renaissance drama was, despite play troupes' occasional performances in provincial areas, a phenomenon almost exclusively observable in London, a result of geopolitical, demographic, material, and metropolitan centralizations on a national scale. Since Tom Nairn, Hannah Arendt, and Homi Bhabha have argued that the sense of nationness is "ambiguity" or "in-betweenness," the question—how early modern theatres negotiate cultural and topographical liminalities—forms a crucial debate for the present project. Each chapter of this dissertation surveys the Renaissance stage's persistent representations of in-between topographical loci such as the uncentralized English regions above the Humber, the Lancastrian Duchy territories, the suburbs and liberties of metropolitan London, colonial-outposts such as Milford Haven (in Wales) and the Irish Pale, and English ports/forts like Dover that are open to Continental influences. The project demonstrates that early modern national politics heavily gravitate into these culturally and nationally hybrid realms, negotiating national alterities. Other than regional-topographical issues, the persistent concerns of this dissertation are the definitions of nationhood and understanding of the key elements of the sense of nationhood. These are, indeed, vexed questions, for as Jose Carlos Mariategui states, the nation "is an abstraction, an allegory, a myth that does not correspond to a reality that can be scientifically defined." At a rational level, nationhood is impossible to define and it is marked only by absence, although it might be traced through its metaphoric effects. To fully grasp this paradox, the present research largely defines nationhood as a metaphoric form structurally "articulated" and "over(in)determined" by various social elements and close to what Stuart Hall calls historically articulated "conjuncture." By stressing early modern English nationhood primarily as an historical "articulation," the project rejects any theoretical attempts which define "nation" as a pan-historical, trans-geopolitical or universal concept. As the word "conjuncture" implies, early modern nationalism is articulated by various social elements such as class, gender, ethno-racial factors, print-capitalism, discursive practices, topographical representation, memories of the past, regionalism, metropolitanism, and colonialism. National imaginations in this period are formed by various metaphors and allegories such as "fraternity," "natio (birth/nature)," "patria (fatherland)," "elect community," "commonwealth" and an "organic body (defined by immunity)." Readings of Elizabethan-Jacobean dramas in the project analyze and translate these national metaphors in terms of socio-political contexts. Discussions of early modern English nationalism also inevitably raise questions such as what is the effect of absolutism in creating centralized English nationhood? what is the difference between the early modern English monarchy and nation? if my project mainly discusses "English" nationhood, what is its relationship to the national claim of Union under the name of Britain or Albion after the accession of King James? who and what groups are Others defined against English nationhood? and how is English nationalism articulated with colonialism or anti-colonialism? These questions are explored in the chapters of the dissertation (see the "overview" section at the end of the introductory chapter of this dissertation for the chapter summaries). Key Words: Nation, Nationhood, Commonwealth, Chorography, Topography, Liminality, Internal Colonialism, Elizabethan and Jacobean drama, Shakespear

Comparing the Influences of the D/H Ratio, Size, and Facade Design of an Enclosed Square on Its Perceptual Qualities as a Sustainable Urban Space in South Korea

This study examines the dominance of the D/H ratio as a design element for an enclosed urban square, long claimed by numerous urban designers. It claims that like the D/H ratio, other design elements significantly affect the perceptual quality of an enclosed square, but their impacts differ according to the context in which they are applied. The study reviews the literature pertaining to enclosures as an urban design strategy and design elements for an enclosed urban square. Then it presents a comparative analysis of the impact of the D/H ratio and other design elements such as the size of the square and the facade design using a visual assessment survey with computer-simulated images of urban squares. Results of the analysis support the argument that like the D/H ratio, the square size and its facade design have a considerable but distinctly different influence on users’ perceptions of urban squares

Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques

Using immersive virtual reality (VR), this study examined the D/H ratio principle (where “D” means the depth or width of a public space and “H” means the height of its surrounding buildings.) that urban design theorists have suggested as an important design principle for public spaces. The authors built VR models of eight enclosed urban public squares with different D/H ratios ranging from 1/3 to 6/1. They then carried out an experiment in the form of a visual assessment survey using the VR models with 69 university students majoring in urban planning and compared the optimal D/H ratios from the experimental results with those proposed by urban design theorists. The statistical analysis of the experimental results revealed that the optimal D/H ratios for most qualities of public squares are larger than the optimal ratios claimed by theorists