12,359 research outputs found
The novel E3 ligase of PPAR?? TRIM25 regulates adipocyte differentiation
Department of Biological SciencesPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?? (PPAR??) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor which regulates glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. Its transcriptional activity is regulated by not only ligands but also post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this study, we demonstrate a novel E3 ligase of PPAR??, TRIM25 directly induces ubiquitination of PPAR?? followed by proteasome-dependent degradation. During the adipocyte differentiation, both mRNA and protein expression of TRIM25 significantly decreased and negatively correlated with the expression of PPAR??. Stable expression of TRIM25 reduces PPAR?? protein levels, but not mRNA expression, and suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In contrast, specific knock-down of TRIM25 increases PPAR?? protein levels and stimulates adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, TRIM25 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) shows an increased ability for adipocyte differentiation compared with wild-type MEFs. Taken together, these data indicate that TRIM25 is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase of PPAR??, and depict TRIM25 as a novel target for PPAR??-involved metabolic diseases.ope
Gaining confidence in models of experiments in existing buildings
Describes a method for gaining confidence in models of experiments in existing buildings
Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. II. Radiative Transfer via the Two-stream Approximation
We present a comprehensive analytical study of radiative transfer using the
method of moments and include the effects of non-isotropic scattering in the
coherent limit. Within this unified formalism, we derive the governing
equations and solutions describing two-stream radiative transfer (which
approximates the passage of radiation as a pair of outgoing and incoming
fluxes), flux-limited diffusion (which describes radiative transfer in the deep
interior) and solutions for the temperature-pressure profiles. Generally, the
problem is mathematically under-determined unless a set of closures (Eddington
coefficients) is specified. We demonstrate that the hemispheric (or
hemi-isotropic) closure naturally derives from the radiative transfer equation
if energy conservation is obeyed, while the Eddington closure produces spurious
enhancements of both reflected light and thermal emission. We concoct recipes
for implementing two-stream radiative transfer in stand-alone numerical
calculations and general circulation models. We use our two-stream solutions to
construct toy models of the runaway greenhouse effect. We present a new
solution for temperature-pressure profiles with a non-constant optical opacity
and elucidate the effects of non-isotropic scattering in the optical and
infrared. We derive generalized expressions for the spherical and Bond albedos
and the photon deposition depth. We demonstrate that the value of the optical
depth corresponding to the photosphere is not always 2/3 (Milne's solution) and
depends on a combination of stellar irradiation, internal heat and the
properties of scattering both in optical and infrared. Finally, we derive
generalized expressions for the total, net, outgoing and incoming fluxes in the
convective regime.Comment: Accepted by ApJS. 23 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, 158 equations. No
change from previous version except for title (to match ApJS convention
Enhancing Oral Communications for Korean English-as-a-Foreign Language (EFL) Students in Business Settings
This project is intended to help adult EFL students in Korea familiarize themselves with the sounds of words and expressions that are used in everyday conversation, especially in business settings or workplaces.
This project, with help of technology, focuses on customizing learnings and feedbacks for each student to meet their unique needs and maximizes the effectiveness and efficiency of learning process and outcomes. Also, the project emphasizes the importance of intonations and point of stress in spoken English that most Korean students have difficulty in distinguishing and recognizing in real-life conversations. It also introduces diverse accents of English since many Korean students consider American Standard English as the only “norm” of English language sound, which is not the case, especially when they interact with diverse people from many different countries or geographical backgrounds in business settings
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