Design and fabrication of variable steering ratio mechanism for light Motor vehicle

To facilitate easy and proper steering of the vehicle while negotiating a turn, as per the requirements of driver in different situations like hair pin bends in hilly regions, sudden turns in highways and city streets or in sports car during race events an improved steering system is needed to address these problems. The steering arrangement used in a normal automobile was investigated and to solve the above problems a variable steering ratio mechanism was designed and fabricated, with the aim to determine if incorporation of variable steering ratio mechanism will make an improvement in the steady and transient state handling of the automobile. The size of the pinion gear and the number of teeth on the gear determine the rack-and-pinion steering ratio. The steering wheel must be turned one revolution to turn the front wheels one sixteenth of a turn, the steering ratio is 1 to 1/16. Reversing the numbers gives a ratio of 16 to 1, or 16:1. This steering ratio is always fixed. A variable steering ratio mechanism was fabricated by using constant mesh type gears from Bajaj-Super and steering mechanism from Tata-Nano. Gear housing using wood is created and gear shifting arrangement incorporated. It was observed that on engaging the 1st gear steering ratio is increased to 9.92:1. On engaging the 2nd gear steering ratio is increased to 7.20:1, On engaging the 3rd gear steering ratio is increased to 4.96:1 On engaging the 4th gear steering ratio is increased to 3.52:1. The effort required for steering is increased due to these ratios as energy is lost due to friction. This mechanism can only be practical if used in conjugation with power assist.   Keywords: - Variable Steering Ratio Mechanism, Constant Mesh Gear Box, Steering Wheel, Power Assis

Design & Fabrication of Manually Driven Pedal Powered Washing Machine

Cloth washing is one of the essential parts of the life but it is considered undesirable because of the involvement of efforts, time, energy and cost. Nowadays a wide variety of washing machines are available in the market and there is a tough competence among the manufacturers. The cost of washing machine varying from Rs.10,000 to 1,50,000 depending upon features and capabilities. Very costly washing machines are equipped with facility of dry cleaning too. All of the washing machines available in the market are electric power driven and basic principle of their operation depends upon creation of the turbulent flow of detergent around the dirty clothes. Drying of the clothes is based upon rotation of wet clothes at very high rpm so that water droplets can be separated out due to centrifugal action. In our country where approximately 70% population is living with very poor economic status, those people cannot have a washing machine because of cost constraints and unavailability of electricity due to any reason. The present work is an attempt to develop a concept to make a cloth washing mechanism which can meet out the requirements of above mentioned 70% population of the nation. Working principle of this concept is no more different from available similar type of machine with a difference driving mechanism of the machine. The objective of bringing down the initial cost and operating cost of washing machine is almost achieved in present work within the limitation of work as mentioned. Key word: CWT, CEA, 1. Introductio

Streptococcus iniae M-Like Protein Contributes to Virulence in Fish and Is a Target for Live Attenuated Vaccine Development

Streptococcus iniae is a significant pathogen in finfish aquaculture, though knowledge of virulence determinants is lacking. Through pyrosequencing of the S. iniae genome we have identified two gene homologues to classical surface-anchored streptococcal virulence factors: M-like protein (simA) and C5a peptidase (scpI).S. iniae possesses a Mga-like locus containing simA and a divergently transcribed putative mga-like regulatory gene, mgx. In contrast to the Mga locus of group A Streptococcus (GAS, S. pyogenes), scpI is located distally in the chromosome. Comparative sequence analysis of the Mgx locus revealed only one significant variant, a strain with an insertion frameshift mutation in simA and a deletion mutation in a region downstream of mgx, generating an ORF which may encode a second putative mga-like gene, mgx2. Allelic exchange mutagenesis of simA and scpI was employed to investigate the potential role of these genes in S. iniae virulence. Our hybrid striped bass (HSB) and zebrafish models of infection revealed that M-like protein contributes significantly to S. iniae pathogenesis whereas C5a peptidase-like protein does not. Further, in vitro cell-based analyses indicate that SiMA, like other M family proteins, contributes to cellular adherence and invasion and provides resistance to phagocytic killing. Attenuation in our virulence models was also observed in the S. iniae isolate possessing a natural simA mutation. Vaccination of HSB with the Delta simA mutant provided 100% protection against subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type (WT) S. iniae after 1,400 degree days, and shows promise as a target for live attenuated vaccine development.Analysis of M-like protein and C5a peptidase through allelic replacement revealed that M-like protein plays a significant role in S. iniae virulence, and the Mga-like locus, which may regulate expression of this gene, has an unusual arrangement. The M-like protein mutant created in this research holds promise as live-attenuated vaccine

Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): A Review

Abstract-Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used nonconventional precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process for shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electroconductive materials. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in EDM, dry EDM, and Powder mixed electric Discharge Machining. Within the past decade. & also briefly describin

Comparison of the Fibronectin-Binding Protein FNE from Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi with FNZ from S. equi Subspecies zooepidemicus Reveals a Major and Conserved Difference

The gene fnz from Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus encodes a cell surface protein that binds fibronectin (Fn). Fifty tested isolates of S. equi subspecies equi all contain DNA sequences with similarity to fnz. This work describes the cloning and sequencing of a gene, designated fne, with similarity to fnz from two S. equi subspecies equi isolates. The DNA sequences were found to be identical in the two strains, and sequence comparison of the fne and fnz genes revealed only minor differences. However, one base deletion was found in the middle of the fne gene and eight base pairs downstream of the altered reading frame there is a stop codon. An Fn-binding protein was purified from the growth medium of a subspecies equi culture. Determination of the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence and molecular mass, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed that the purified protein is the gene product of the 5′-terminal half of fne. Fn-binding activity has earlier only been found in the COOH-terminal half of FNZ. By the use of a purified recombinant protein containing the NH(2) half of FNZ, we provide here evidence that this half of the protein also harbors an Fn-binding domain

Enhancement of hydrogen storage performance in cost effective novel g–C3N4–MoS2–Ni(OH)2 ternary nanocomposite fabricated via hydrothermal method

Energy from hydrogen has been looked upon with great favours to encounter the shortage of fossil fuels in energy generation. Safety issues and storage concerns of hydrogen has been a major drawback in this regard. Here, a novel material g–C3N4–MoS2–Ni(OH)2 is crafted to achieve promisingly sufficient storage capacity for hydrogen. Hydrothermal route is optimized in a best possible way to achieve flower like structure of MoS2. It is then blended with fine sheets of Ni(OH)2 and as synthesized g-C3N4 to develop the promising nanocomposite g–C3N4–MoS2–Ni(OH)2. Morphological investigation using TEM and SEM analyses revealed flower-like structure near fine sheets of Ni(OH)2 and g-C3N4. Fruitfully, the modified surface of the nanocomposite resulted in an enhanced hydrogen storage capability. The hydrogen sorption experiments were carried out at 150 °C for 15 and 30 min intervals under 10 bar hydrogen pressure, and the hydrogen desorption process was carried out from room temperature (RT) to 200 °C with a ramping rate of 15 °C min−1 in an argon medium with a flow rate of 100 mL min−1. During non-isothermal H2 desorption, S150 composite exhibits better hydrogen storage capacity of 2.79 and 3.21 wt% under hydrogenation intervals of 15 and 30 min respectively. Furthermore, S150 desorbed 3.7 wt% H2 in 20 min at isothermal desorption of 200 °C

Group A Streptococcal rofA Gene Is Involved in the Control of Several Virulence Genes and Eukaryotic Cell Attachment and Internalization

The serotype M6 group A streptococcal RofA regulator was previously shown to exert a direct positive control of protein F1 expression and, concomitantly, fibronectin binding. Using a serotype M6 rofA mutant, we demonstrate here that this regulator has a potentially indirect negative influence on the expression of the mga, emm6, pel-sagA, and speA virulence genes. Additionally, the rofA mutant exhibited reduced eukaryotic cell internalization rates in combination with decreased host cell viability