Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicycle

With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide  torque to wheels .The old design of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption. Keywords: Dual chargeable bicycle, EABs, EPBs, Battery, Alternator, Controller

Probing Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Attosecond Pulse Trains and Soft X-ray Raman Spectroscopy

Linear off-resonant X-ray Raman techniques are capable of detecting the ultrafast electronic coherences generated when a photoexcited wave packet passes through a conical intersection. A hybrid femtosecond or attosecond probe pulse is employed to excite the system and stimulate the emission of the signal photon, where both fields are components of a hybrid pulse scheme. In this paper, we investigate how attosecond pulse trains, as provided by high-harmonic generation processes, perform as probe pulses in the framework of this spectroscopic technique, instead of single Gaussian pulses. We explore different combination schemes for the probe pulse, as well as the impact of parameters of the pulse trains on the signals. Furthermore, we show how Raman selection rules and symmetry consideration affect the spectroscopic signal, and we discuss the importance of vibrational contributions to the overall signal. We use two different model systems, representing molecules of different symmetry, and quantum dynamics simulations to study the difference in the spectra. The results suggest that such pulse trains are well suited to capture the key features associated with the electronic coherence

Design and fabrication of variable steering ratio mechanism for light Motor vehicle

To facilitate easy and proper steering of the vehicle while negotiating a turn, as per the requirements of driver in different situations like hair pin bends in hilly regions, sudden turns in highways and city streets or in sports car during race events an improved steering system is needed to address these problems. The steering arrangement used in a normal automobile was investigated and to solve the above problems a variable steering ratio mechanism was designed and fabricated, with the aim to determine if incorporation of variable steering ratio mechanism will make an improvement in the steady and transient state handling of the automobile. The size of the pinion gear and the number of teeth on the gear determine the rack-and-pinion steering ratio. The steering wheel must be turned one revolution to turn the front wheels one sixteenth of a turn, the steering ratio is 1 to 1/16. Reversing the numbers gives a ratio of 16 to 1, or 16:1. This steering ratio is always fixed. A variable steering ratio mechanism was fabricated by using constant mesh type gears from Bajaj-Super and steering mechanism from Tata-Nano. Gear housing using wood is created and gear shifting arrangement incorporated. It was observed that on engaging the 1st gear steering ratio is increased to 9.92:1. On engaging the 2nd gear steering ratio is increased to 7.20:1, On engaging the 3rd gear steering ratio is increased to 4.96:1 On engaging the 4th gear steering ratio is increased to 3.52:1. The effort required for steering is increased due to these ratios as energy is lost due to friction. This mechanism can only be practical if used in conjugation with power assist.   Keywords: - Variable Steering Ratio Mechanism, Constant Mesh Gear Box, Steering Wheel, Power Assis

Investigations on Material Removal Rate of AISI D2 Die Steel in EDM using Taguchi Methods

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used non conventional precise material removal & world class standard non contacting machining processes. The work piece must be a conductive electricity material which is submerged into the dielectric fluid for better erosion. This process widely used for machining of hard, brittle, component   material,  complex geometry, intricate shapes, making moulds & deep holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electro conductive materials. The workpiece material selected in this study is AISI D2 Die Steel. The input parameters are voltage, current, pulse on time and pulse off time. L9 orthogonal array was selected as per the Taguchi method. The data have been analyzed using Minitab15 Software. The effect of above mentioned parameters upon machining performance characteristics such as Material Removal Rate (MRR) is studied and investigated on the machine model C-3822 with PSR-20 Electric Discharge Machine.  The copper alloy was used as tool material. Keywords: EDM, MRR, ANOVA, Taguchi method, AISI D2 Die steel, copper electrod

Design & Fabrication of Manually Driven Pedal Powered Washing Machine

Cloth washing is one of the essential parts of the life but it is considered undesirable because of the involvement of efforts, time, energy and cost. Nowadays a wide variety of washing machines are available in the market and there is a tough competence among the manufacturers. The cost of washing machine varying from Rs.10,000 to 1,50,000 depending upon features and capabilities. Very costly washing machines are equipped with facility of dry cleaning too. All of the washing machines available in the market are electric power driven and basic principle of their operation depends upon creation of the turbulent flow of detergent around the dirty clothes. Drying of the clothes is based upon rotation of wet clothes at very high rpm so that water droplets can be separated out due to centrifugal action. In our country where approximately 70% population is living with very poor economic status, those people cannot have a washing machine because of cost constraints and unavailability of electricity due to any reason. The present work is an attempt to develop a concept to make a cloth washing mechanism which can meet out the requirements of above mentioned 70% population of the nation. Working principle of this concept is no more different from available similar type of machine with a difference driving mechanism of the machine. The objective of bringing down the initial cost and operating cost of washing machine is almost achieved in present work within the limitation of work as mentioned. Key word: CWT, CEA, 1. Introductio

Investigations on Tool Wear Rate of AISI D2 Die Steel in EDM using Taguchi Methods

EDM has become an important and cost-effective method of machining extremely tough and brittle electrically conductive materials. It is widely used in the process of making moulds and dies and sections of complex geometry and intricate shapes. The workpiece material selected in this study is AISI D2 Die Steel. The input parameters are voltage, current, pulse on time and pulse off time. L9 orthogonal array was selected as per the Taguchi method. The data have been analyzed using Minitab15 Software. The effect of above mentioned parameters upon machining performance characteristics such as Tool Wear Rate (TWR) are studied and investigated on the machine model C-3822 with PSR-20 Electric Discharge Machine.  The copper alloy was used as tool material.The results obtained showed that the optimum condition for tool wear rate (TWR) is A3, B2, C2, D3 i.e. Ton (40µs),Toff (8 µs), Ip (8 amp) and Vg (60V). The order of process parameters influencing the tool wear rate is Toff 12>"> Ip 12>"> Ton 12>"> Vg. Hence, pulse off parameter has more contribution to tool wear rate whereas gap voltage has the least contribution. As per the optimal level of parameters, the optimum value of TWR is 0.117 mm3/min. These results were validated by conducting confirmation experiments and found satisfactory. Keywords: EDM,TWR, MRR, ANOVA, Taguchi method, AISI D2 Die steel, copper electrod

Role of Cloud Computing Technology in Agriculture Fields

Use of Cloud computing technology in agricultural areas has greater chance in the overall development of India. An effective implementation of cloud computing is encouraging in agricultural sector. Cloud Computing is emerging today as a commercial infrastructure that eliminates the need for maintaining expensive computing hardware, software, Information technology, staff, infrastructure, recourses and their maintenance. Cloud computing is a network-based environment that focuses on sharing computations, Cloud computing networks access to a shared pool of configurable networks, servers, storage, service, applications & other important computing resources. In modern era of cloud computing technology very helpful for centralized the all-agricultural related data bank (Soil-related, weather, Research, Crop, Farmers, Agriculture marketing, fertilizers and pesticide information) in the cloud.  In this paper, also discuss Computing model, characteristics, deployment model, cloud service model, cloud benefits and challenge of cloud computing in agriculture field. Keywords: Cloud computing, Community model, Hybrid model, Public model, Private model, Agriculture, IaaS, Paas & Saa

Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater

Polyphenols or phenolic compounds are groups of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants and found in olive mill wastewater (OMW). Phenolic compounds as well as OMW extracts were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Most of the tested phenols were not effective against the four bacterial strains when tested as single compounds at concentrations of up to 1000 μg mL−1. Hydroxytyrosol at 400 μg mL−1 caused complete growth inhibition of the four strains. Gallic acid was effective at 200, and 400 μg mL−1 against S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, respectively, but not against the gram negative bacteria. An OMW fraction called AntiSolvent was obtained after the addition of ethanol to the crude OMW. HPLC analysis of AntiSolvent fraction revealed that this fraction contains mainly hydroxytyrosol (10.3%), verbascoside (7.4%), and tyrosol (2.6%). The combinations of AntiSolvent/gallic acid were tested using the low minimal inhibitory concentrations which revealed that 50/100–100/100 μg mL−1 caused complete growth inhibition of the four strains. These results suggest that OMW specific fractions augmented with natural phenolic ingredients may be utilized as a source of bioactive compounds to control pathogenic bacteria