Study of tractive efficiency as an effect of ballast and tire inflation pressure in sandy loam soil

The experiments were conducted in sandy loam soil in stubble field.  Tillage operations were performed using   55 hp tractor with two bottom mouldboard plough and disc plough for four combinations of rear and front ballast (i.e. no ballast, 90 daN front, 90 daN front and 200 daN rear, 200 daN rear) and four combinations of inflation pressure in front and rear tires (i.e. 90 kPa rear and 140 kPa front, 90 kPa rear and 200 kPa front, 130 kPa rear and 140 kPa front and 130 kPa rear and 200 kPa front tire) to study their effects on tractive efficiency of tractor for primary tillage operations.  The test was conducted at recommended speed of operation 2.7 - 4 km h-1.  It was found from the results that combination of 200 daN rear ballast and inflation pressure of 130 kPa at rear, 200 kPa at front was found suitable for improving the performance of agricultural tractor with maximum tractive efficiency of 72.43% and 71.27% for mouldboard plough and disc plough respectively.   Keywords: tractor, ballast, inflation pressure, plough, tractive efficiency, sandy loam, primary tillag

Characterization of the Influenza A H5N1 Viruses of the 2008-09 Outbreaks in India Reveals a Third Introduction and Possible Endemicity

Widespread infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 was reported from backyard and commercial poultry in West Bengal (WB), an eastern state of India in early 2008. Infection gradually spread to Tripura, Assam and Sikkim, the northeastern states, with 70 outbreaks reported between January 2008 and May 2009. Whole genome sequence analysis of three isolates from WB, one isolate from Tripura along with the analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of 17 other isolates was performed during this study. In the HA gene phylogenetic tree, all the 2008-09 Indian isolates belonged to EMA3 sublineage of clade 2.2. The closest phylogenetic relationship was found to be with the 2007-09 isolates from Bangladesh and not with the earlier 2006 and 2007 Indian isolates implying a third introduction into the country. The receptor-binding pocket of HA1 of two isolates from WB showed S221P mutation, one of the markers predicted to be associated with human receptor specificity. Two substitutions E119A (2 isolates of WB) and N294S (2 other isolates of WB) known to confer resistance to NA inhibitors were observed in the active site of neuraminidase. Several additional mutations were observed within the 2008-09 Indian isolates indicating genetic diversification. Overall, the study is indicative of a possible endemicity in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country, demanding active surveillance specifically in view of the critical mutations that have been observed in the influenza A H5N1 viruses

Fetal Kidney Cells Can Ameliorate Ischemic Acute Renal Failure in Rats through Their Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Oxidative Effects.

Fetal kidney cells may contain multiple populations of kidney stem cells and thus appear to be a suitable cellular therapy for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) but their biological characteristics and therapeutic potential have not been adequately explored. We have culture expanded fetal kidney cells derived from rat fetal kidneys, characterized them and evaluated their therapeutic effect in an ischemia reperfusion (IR) induced rat model of ARF. The fetal kidney cells grew in culture as adherent spindle shaped/polygonal cells and expressed CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD24 and CD133 markers. Administration of PKH26 labeled fetal kidney cells in ARF rats resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and decreased tubular necrosis in the kidney tissues (p<0.05 for all). The injected fetal kidney cells were observed to engraft around injured tubular cells, and there was increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of tubular cells in the kidneys (p<0.05 for both). In addition, the kidney tissues of ARF rats treated with fetal kidney cells had a higher gene expression of renotropic growth factors (VEGF-A, IGF-1, BMP-7 and bFGF) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10); up regulation of anti-oxidative markers (HO-1 and NQO-1); and a lower Bax/Bcl2 ratio as compared to saline treated rats (p<0.05 for all). Our data shows that culture expanded fetal kidney cells express mesenchymal and renal progenitor markers, and ameliorate ischemic ARF predominantly by their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects

Evaluation of role of piezo-surgical in mandibular impacted third molar removal: An original research

Aim: The purpose of the present research was to assess the role of piezo-surgical and its effectiveness against conventional techniques for removal of impacted mandibular third molar. Methodology: Study included 16 patients (8 male and 8 female) age 17 to 32 years treated in the period from 2019 to 2021. All patients had both mandibular molars impacted. One third molar was extracted using classical technique while the other one using a piezo device. Preoperative preparation was the same for all patients and included radiological analysis and verification of teeth by ortopan tomography (OPG) and CT. Patients were assessed one, seven and 14 days after the procedure. Results: After the extraction, all patients were followed for postoperative symptoms: pain, swelling and paraesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve. The results confirmed advantages of piezosurgery in the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Average duration of the intervention was 18 minutes with standard technique while the duration with piezo technique was 23 minutes. According to the visual-analogue scale (VAS) the average pain in the standard group was 9 whereas in the piezo group it was 6.&nbsp

Sterilization and infection control practices to prevent transmision of COVID-19 in dental office

Aim: The review was to evaluate infection control measures and control of SARS – COV 2 infection in dental office. Objectives: To evaluate the infection control measures before and after the visit of patient, the awareness of dentists regarding SARS - COV 2, the knowledge, attitude and practices of dentists regarding infection control measures and control of SARS – COV 2 in dental office and their ability in identifying the source of infection and measures to curb it. Material and Methods: This review sought to assess the infection control measures in dental practice during covid-19 pandemic with a literature search covering the electronic databases: Cochrane library, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct and Google scholar. Results: SARS-COV 2 infection occurs mainly through direct contact with micro droplets or core droplets and aerosol. Moreover, infected subjects, both with and without clinical signs of COVID-19, can transmit the virus. Virus enters human body mainly through mouth, nose, and eyes when they are touched by infected hands. Thus, dental practice poses highest risk of transmission of SARS COV2 infection. Conclusion: Review focused on the methods, protocols, and recent reports regarding the SARS CoV2 infection

Effects of fetal kidney cells on morphological structure, proliferation and apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells in rats with IR ARF.

<p>(A) Kidney section of sham operated animal showing normal architecture of tubules and glomeruli. (B) Kidney section of saline treated animal showing dilated distal convoluted tubule (solid arrow), swollen and necrotic epithelial cells with nuclear changes in the most proximal convoluted tubule (open arrow) and epithelial or hyaline cast material in lumen (solid arrow head). (C) Kidney section of fetal kidney cells treated animal showing signs of recovery as revealed by mild tubular dilatation (open arrow), desquamation of few proximal convoluted tubules and preservation of the integrity of the cellular structure (solid arrow) (20 X). (D) Jablonski grading score of tubular necrosis in saline and fetal kidney cells treated kidneys after 72 hours of fetal kidney cells therapy. (E-G) Representative immunofluorescence photomicrographs (40X) of PCNA staining of kidney sections of sham operated (E), saline treated (F) and fetal kidney cells treated (G) animals. (H) Quantification of PCNA positive cells per HPF. (I-K) Representative immunofluorescence photomicrographs (40X) of TUNEL staining of kidney sections of sham operated (I), saline treated (J) and fetal kidney cells treated (K) animals. (L) Quantification of apoptotic cells per HPF. Values expressed Mean±SEM. (n = 6), *p<0.05 vs. sham operated group, #p<0.05 vs. saline treated group.</p

<i>In vivo</i> tracking of PKH26 positive cells in IR induced damaged kidney.

<p>Representative immunoflourescence photomicrographs (40X) of fetal kidney cells treated kidney showing (A) CK 19, green (B) Hoechst, blue (C) PKH26 labeled cells, red, located in the interstitial spaces and peri-tubular areas of the kidney (D) Overlay of images of (A), (B) and (C). (E) Overlay of images of (A) and (B). (F) Overlay of images of (B) and (C).</p

Effects of fetal kidney cells on renal functions in rats with IR ARF.

<p>The difference in (A) BUN, (B) serum creatinine and (C) serum NGAL levels in sham operated, saline treated and fetal kidney cells treated groups at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after reperfusion). Values expressed Mean±SEM (n = 6). *p<0.05 vs. sham operated group, #p<0.05 vs. saline treated group.</p

List of primers used for RQ-PCR analysis.

<p>List of primers used for RQ-PCR analysis.</p