49 research outputs found

    Parental care by Black-backed Woodpeckers in burned and unburned habitats of eastern Canada

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    Nest care is an important parental contribution to offspring. In woodpeckers, males often have an equal or greater contribution to parental care, including nest sanitation. The Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) is a North American boreal woodpecker for which both parents are highly involved in parental care. By modifying their territory size in optimal and suboptimal habitat (e.g. burned vs unburned habitats), this species seems to have a large tolerance to variation in prey abundance at a landscape scale, and could provide a useful biological model to investigate the adaptability of parent care, particularly to relative contribution of each sex. We investigated sex- and habitat-specific parental care behaviour of Black-backed Woodpeckers at 9 nests by daily monitoring during the nestling period. Specifically, we examined two different aspects of parental care: 1) time spent at the nest, and 2) food delivery. We also compared relative contribution between sexes to nest sanitation. Despite our small sample sizes, our results show that males are more involved in nest sanitation and spend longer at the nest, and both sexes exhibit higher food delivery rates and spend less time at the nest in burned habitat. This latter result may suggest that greater effort is needed to provision Black-backed Woodpecker nestlings in unburned habitat compared to burned habitat

    A comparison between nocturnal aural counts of passerines and radar reflectivity from a Canadian weather surveillance radar

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    Using a Canadian weather surveillance radar (CWSR), we assessed the relationship between aural passerine counts and radar reflectivity during autumn migration on 16 nights. Reflectivity was positively correlated on all but 1 night with the number of birds detected aurally, but the correlation strength varied between -0.58 and 0.93 among nights (mean ± SD = 0.69 ± 0.42). Using linear mixed-effects models with aural counts nested within nights, we found that the number of birds detected by observers increased with reflectivity. The slope of this relationship did not vary between observers, nor was it affected by time since sunset, but the number of birds detected aurally tended to be lower when ambient noise levels were high. We know that the radar was relatively sensitive to low bird densities, because the intercept was slightly positive and its 95% confidence interval marginally included zero. However, the relationship between the number of birds detected aurally and reflectivity varied significantly among nights. Such variation was likely caused by a combination of (interacting) factors, including bird species and behavior (e.g., calling rate, flight altitude), influencing bird detectability by the observers and the radar. The weather radar network of the United States (NEXRAD) is already used for bird migration studies, and we conclude that the use of CWSR can extend NEXRAD's coverage farther north by hundreds of kilometers, thereby increasing our understanding of how birds use the North American landscapes during migration. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la relation entre un dĂ©nombrement auditif de passereaux et la rĂ©flectivitĂ© d'un radar de surveillance mĂ©tĂ©orologique canadien (CWSR), durant la migration automnale, pendant 16 nuits. La rĂ©flectivitĂ© radar Ă©tait positivement corrĂ©lĂ©e avec le nombre d'oiseaux dĂ©tectĂ©s auditivement pour toutes les nuits, exception d'une, mais la puissance de cette relation variait de -0.58 Ă  0.93 (moyenne ± Ă©cart-type = 0.69 ± 0.42). En utilisant des modĂšles linĂ©aires Ă  effets mixtes oĂč les dĂ©nombrements auditifs Ă©taient nichĂ©s de maniĂšre intra-nuit, nous avons confirmĂ© que le nombre d'oiseaux dĂ©tectĂ©s par les observateurs s'accroissait avec la rĂ©flectivitĂ©. La pente de cette relation ne variait pas entre les observateurs comme elle n'Ă©tait pas affectĂ©e par le temps Ă©coulĂ© depuis le coucher du soleil, mais le nombre d'oiseaux dĂ©tectĂ©s auditivement tendait Ă diminuer quand le bruit ambiant Ă©tait plus Ă©levĂ©. Le radar s'est avĂ©rĂ© ĂȘtre relativement sensible Ă  une faible densitĂ© d'oiseaux, puisque la valeur de l'intercepte Ă©tait lĂ©gĂšrement positive et ses intervalles de confiance de 95% incluaient marginalement le zĂ©ro. Cependant, la relation entre le nombre d'oiseaux dĂ©tectĂ©s auditivement et la rĂ©flectivitĂ© variait significativement entre les nuits. Une telle variation est vraisemblablement attribuable Ă  la combinaison (ou l'interaction) de facteurs incluant les espĂšces d'oiseaux prĂ©sentes et leurs comportements (e.g. taux de cris, altitude de vol), ce qui influence la dĂ©tectabilitĂ© des oiseaux par les observateurs, mais aussi par le radar. Le rĂ©seau de radars mĂ©tĂ©o (NEXRAD) des États-Unis est dĂ©jĂ  utilisĂ© dans des Ă©tudes de la migration des oiseaux et nous concluons que l'utilisation des CWSR pourrait permettent une extension vers le nord de plusieurs centaines de kilomĂštres de la couverture du rĂ©seau NEXRAD, permettant d'accroĂźtre la comprĂ©hension de l'utilisation des paysages nord amĂ©ricains par les oiseaux durant leur migration

    Tadoussac : sentinelle ornithologique de la forĂȘt borĂ©ale au parc national du Saguenay

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    Les suivis dĂ©mographiques d'espĂšces animales rĂ©alisĂ©s dans des sites stratĂ©giques permettent de dĂ©tecter les cas problĂ©matiques en matiĂšre de gestion et de conservation de la faune. L'Observatoire d'oiseaux de Tadoussac, situĂ© dans le parc national du Saguenay, est une organisation ornithologique qui recueille, depuis 1993, des donnĂ©es sur les oiseaux de proie et les passereaux de la forĂȘt borĂ©ale, particuliĂšrement sur des espĂšces en difficultĂ©. On prĂ©sente ici cinq sĂ©ries de donnĂ©es, obtenues Ă  l'Observatoire d'oiseaux de Tadoussac, qui illustrent les tendances dĂ©mographiques de quelques reprĂ©sentants de l'avifaune quĂ©bĂ©coise et qui mettent en Ă©vidence certains cycles de population

    Testing the effect of snag and cavity supply on deadwood-associated species in a managed boreal forest

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    Standing deadwood is an important attribute of old-growth boreal forests and it provides essential microhabitats for deadwood-associated species. In managed boreal forests, short rotations tend to limit the amount and diversity of standing deadwood. This study evaluates if the anthropogenic supply of deadwood attributes through tree girdling or by providing nest boxes may favor deadwood-associated species. We studied the short-term response of saproxylic beetles, foraging woodpeckers, and secondary cavity users to snag and cavity supply in 50 to 70-year-old black spruce stands. In spring 2015, we girdled 8000 black spruce according to two spatial distributions (uniform and clustered), and we also installed 450 nest boxes of six different sizes at three distances from the forest edge. Using trunk window traps, we captured significantly more beetles in sites with girdled trees than in control sites in both 2015 and 2016. We also recorded a trend of a greater abundance of beetles in clusters of girdled trees than within uniformly distributed girdled trees. Trypodendron lineatum (Oliver) dominated beetle assemblages, representing 88.5% of all species in 2015 and 74.6% in 2016. The number of beetles captured was 7× higher in 2015 than in 2016. In contrast, we observed greater amounts of woodpecker foraging marks in fall 2016 than in either fall 2015 or spring 2016. Woodpeckers foraged significantly more in clusters of girdled trees than within uniformly distributed girdled trees. Woodpeckers’ foraging mark presence was positively associated with the proportion of recent cuts at 1 km around the study sites. Five Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus Forster) pairs used nest boxes and occupied smaller box sizes that were located away from the forest edge. Our study showed that structural enrichment can be effective in rapidly attracting deadwood-associated species within managed forest stands

    Weather effects on autumn nocturnal migration of passerines on opposite shores of the St. Lawrence estuary

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    We modeled migration intensity as a function of weather, using nightly migration measurements from Doppler surveillance weather radar during autumn migration on the north (CÎte-Nord) and south (Gaspésie) shores of the St. Lawrence estuary, Québec, Canada. The radar had negative elevation angles, an uncommon characteristic among weather radars, which allowed simultaneous low-altitude monitoring of bird migration on each side of the estuary. Precipitation and wind both had strong effects on the intensity of migration. Very few birds migrated when >40% of the area had precipitation, especially when winds were strong. Light winds were associated with the strongest migration intensity, regardless of wind direction; in stronger winds, migration was likely only when winds were predominantly from the north. Days immediately after adverse weather events, which are assumed to lead to an accumulation of migrants, were associated with an increase in the intensity of migration in CÎte-Nord, but not in Gaspésie. Time since the passage of a cold front had no effect in either region. Bird flight direction and behavior in relation to wind differed on each side of the estuary. On CÎte-Nord, birds tended to migrate in a southwesterly direction along the St. Lawrence north coast, in a direction relatively unaffected by wind direction; they compensated or overcompensated for wind drift by following the coast. By contrast, birds in Gaspésie tended to fly in a more southerly direction. They migrated partially or almost fully downwind with only limited compensation, their flight direction often changing with wind direction. Nous avons modélisé l'intensité migratoire automnale en fonction de la météo, en utilisant des mesures de la migration nocturne prises à la fois sur la rive nord (CÎte-Nord) et la rive sud (Gaspésie) de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent, Québec, Canada, à l'aide d'un radar Doppler de surveillance météorologique. Ce radar effectue des balayages à des angles négatifs, une caractéristique rare chez les radars météo qui permet entre autres, de relever des données de migration d'oiseaux à basse altitude et simultanément de chaque cÎté de l'estuaire. Nos résultats montrent que les précipitations et le vent avaient de forts effets sur l'intensité migratoire. Peu d'oiseaux migraient quand 40% ou plus du territoire était affecté par des précipitations, particuliÚrement en combinaison avec des vents forts. Les plus fortes intensités migratoires étaient associés avec des vents légers, peu importe la direction du vent; par vents forts, la migration était plus probable quand les vents avaient une composante nord. Un événement de conditions météo adverses à la migration s'ensuivait d'une augmentation de l'intensité migratoire sur la CÎte-Nord, mais pas en Gaspésie. Le passage d'un front froid n'avait aucun effet sur la migration dans l'une ou l'autre des deux régions. La direction de vol des oiseaux et leur comportement relativement au vent différaient de chaque cÎté de l'estuaire. Sur la CÎte-Nord, les oiseaux avaient tendance à migrer vers Ie sud-ouest, Ie long de la rive nord du Saint-Laurent; cette direction de vol était peu affectée par la direction du vent et les oiseaux suivaient la cÎte en compensant ou surcompensant pour la dérive par les vents. En opposition, les oiseaux en Gaspésie avaient tendance à voler vers Ie sud; leur migration se faisait en suivant partiellement ou pleinement le vent avec peu de compensation et avec une direction de vol qui changeait souvent avec la direction du vent

    Widely distributed breeding populations of Canada warbler (Cardellina canadensis) converge on migration through Central America

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    Background To effectively conserve migratory species, the entire range encompassed by their annual life cycle needs to be considered. Most research on Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds has focused on the breeding grounds resulting in a general lack of knowledge regarding the wintering and migratory periods. The Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) has declined by 71% from 1970 to 2012, at a rate of 2.9% per year, and is listed as Threatened in Canada. As with most Nearctic-Neotropical migrants, conservation efforts outside the breeding range are limited by a poor understanding of migration routes and the connectivity between specific breeding and wintering populations. Results To determine migratory routes of multiple breeding populations of Canada Warblers, we directly-tracked individuals using light-level geolocators deployed at four sites across the breeding range, spanning approximately 43 degrees in longitude (Alberta, Manitoba and QuĂ©bec, Canada, and New Hampshire, USA). Twenty-five geolocators with usable data were recovered from three sites and were analyzed using FlightR to determine fall migration routes (n = 18) and individual wintering sites (n = 25). Individuals from all breeding populations took a western fall migration route at the Gulf of Mexico; with 77.8% of birds funnelling into a narrow geographic space along the western side of the Gulf of Mexico (97°W-99°W). We found no evidence for population-specific, parallel migration routes. Most individuals (72%) overwintered in Colombia. The remaining individuals overwintered in Venezuela. Conclusions Our results demonstrate convergence of migratory routes around a migration barrier for individuals originating from widely distributed breeding areas. Further, we suggest the potential importance of habitat around the Gulf of Mexico during migration and Andean forest in Colombia as overwintering habitat for this threatened species. Future research should be directed at understanding how these areas are used by Canada Warblers

    Insights on post-breeding movements from a northeastern population of Canada Warblers (Cardellina canadensis)

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    ABSTRACT : The study of migratory songbird transition periods, such as the post-breeding period, is complex because birds undertake different types of movements that vary in space and time. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the extent and duration of the territory and specific sites use to identify human activities likely to affect the species’ survival. Individuals from different regional populations may exhibit specific movements during the various phases of their annual cycle, and therefore conservation actions must be adapted. We studied a population of Canada Warblers (Cardellina canadensis) from the Saguenay region of Quebec, Canada, in the northeastern part of the species’ breeding range. We used a coordinated radio-telemetry network (Motus) to determine the residence time within the breeding territory, dates and times of departure, and early fall migration routes of 18 adult birds. We expected individuals to leave by mid-August and to migrate through the eastern flyway, along the Atlantic Coast. Six tracked individuals remained on their breeding territory until early September, corresponding to a residence time of approximately 90 days. These individuals left just after sunset on their day of departure. Twelve individuals departed earlier, and in the daytime, before the end of August; their earlier departure was likely for a purpose other than migration. Nine individuals were detected outside their breeding territory along the Atlantic migratory flyway: four migrated through the Great Lakes region, one in the Great Appalachian Valley, three along the Atlantic Coast or coastal plain, and one with an undetermined route. Our results suggest that adult Canada Warblers remain in the Saguenay region longer than expected, and that, although some individuals remain close to their breeding territory during the post-breeding period, others may use surrounding territories prior to initiating their fall migration. Our results will allow regional conservation managers to recommend that regional industry postpone the timing of certain activities that could negatively affect the species’ survival. Our study highlights the importance of fine-scale studies focused on specific periods of migratory songbird annual cycles to fill important knowledge gaps for understanding of the ecology of their species. RÉSUMÉ : L'Ă©tude des pĂ©riodes de transition de passereaux migrateurs, comme la pĂ©riode post-nuptiale, est complexe car les oiseaux entreprennent diffĂ©rents types de dĂ©placements qui varient dans l'espace et le temps. NĂ©anmoins, il est important de comprendre l'Ă©tendue et la durĂ©e de l'utilisation du territoire et de sites spĂ©cifiques pour qu'on puisse dĂ©terminer quelles activitĂ©s humaines sont susceptibles d'affecter la survie de l'espĂšce. Les individus de diffĂ©rentes populations rĂ©gionales peuvent prĂ©senter des dĂ©placements spĂ©cifiques au cours des diverses Ă©tapes de leur cycle annuel, et les activitĂ©s de conservation doivent donc ĂȘtre adaptĂ©es. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© une population de Parulines du Canada (Cardellina canadensis) de la rĂ©gion du Saguenay au QuĂ©bec, Canada, situĂ©e dans la partie nord-est de l'aire de nidification de l'espĂšce. Nous avons utilisĂ© un rĂ©seau coordonnĂ© de radiotĂ©lĂ©mĂ©trie (Motus) pour dĂ©terminer le temps de rĂ©sidence dans le territoire de nidification, les dates et les heures de dĂ©part, et les routes de migration au dĂ©but de l'automne de 18 oiseaux adultes. Nous nous attendions Ă  ce que les individus quittent Ă  la mi-aoĂ»t et migrent par la voie de migration de l'est, le long de la cĂŽte atlantique. Six individus sont restĂ©s sur leur territoire de nidification jusqu'Ă  dĂ©but septembre, soit un temps de rĂ©sidence d'environ 90 jours. Ces individus ont quittĂ© juste aprĂšs le coucher du soleil le jour de leur dĂ©part. Douze individus sont partis plus tĂŽt, et de jour, avant la fin du mois d'aoĂ»t; leur dĂ©part prĂ©coce avait sans doute un but autre que la migration. Neuf individus ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s en dehors de leur territoire de nidification le long de la voie de migration de l'Atlantique : quatre ont migrĂ© par la rĂ©gion des Grands Lacs, un dans la vallĂ©e des Appalaches, trois le long de la cĂŽte atlantique ou de la plaine cĂŽtiĂšre, et un dont nous n'avons pu dĂ©terminer l'itinĂ©raire. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que les Parulines du Canada adultes restent dans la rĂ©gion du Saguenay plus longtemps que prĂ©vu et que, bien que certains individus restent Ă  proximitĂ© de leur territoire de nidification pendant la pĂ©riode postnuptiale, d'autres peuvent utiliser des territoires environnants avant d'entreprendre leur migration automnale. Nos rĂ©sultats vont permettre aux gestionnaires de la conservation de recommander Ă  l'industrie rĂ©gionale de reporter le moment d'activitĂ©s qui pourraient nuire Ă  la survie de l'espĂšce. Nous soulignons l'importance de mener des Ă©tudes Ă  l'Ă©chelle fine visant des pĂ©riodes spĂ©cifiques du cycle annuel des passereaux migrateurs afin de combler les lacunes importantes dans la comprĂ©hension de l'Ă©cologie de ceux-ci
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