The association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease

Chronic, plaque-associated inflammation of the gingiva and the periodontium are among the most common oral diseases. Periodontitis (PD) is characterized by the inflammatory destruction of the periodontal attachment and alveolar bone, and its clinical appearance can be influenced by congenital as well as acquired factors. The existence of a rheumatic or other inflammatory systemic disease may promote PD in both its emergence and progress. However, there is evidence that PD maintains systemic diseases. Nevertheless, many mechanisms in the pathogenesis have not yet been examined sufficiently, so that a final explanatory model is still under discussion, and we hereby present arguments in favor of this. In this review, we also discuss in detail the fact that oral bacterial infections and inflammation seem to be linked directly to the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There are findings that support the hypothesis that oral infections play a role in RA pathogenesis. Of special importance are the impact of periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis on citrullination, and the association of PD in RA patients with seropositivity toward rheumatoid factor and the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody

Self-Concept, Product Involvement, and Responses to Self-Congruent Advertising

This study examines the influence of self-congruity and product involvement on advertising responses. In addition to three traditional advertising responses, attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, and purchase intention, this study also examines participants\u27 affective responses (arousal and valence) and their relationships with other advertising responses. The results indicated that while a higher degree of product involvement generated more positive responses toward the product information, within the same product category participants reported more positive emotional responses, more positive attitude-toward-the-ad, stronger brand interest, and stronger purchase intention toward self-congruent brands. Valence and arousal were found to be significantly correlated with attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, and purchase intention