Real Time Particulate Matter Concentration Measurement using Laser Scattering

Particulate Matter (PM) is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air. It can be classified into PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 based on the size of the particles. Smaller particles are extremely hazardous as they can penetrate into our respiratory system causing adverse health effects. In this paper, a real time, portable and cost effective PM sensor system is designed for the monitoring of air particulate matter concentration. To achieve the objectives, a particulate matter monitoring device was constructed using PM Sensor SEN0177, Temperature and Humidity Sensor DHT11, Arduino Mega, DS1307 RTC and TFT LCD for data visualization. The system can simultaneously measure the concentration of PM at varying sizes. Besides, it is also equipped to measure RH and ambient air temperature. Built in real time clock and data logging system was also included as added function. The system employs a real time monitoring system for particulate matter using laser scattering technique and interfaced using MIE theory algorithm. The completed prototype was tested with TE 600 PM10 Air Sampler and General consumer for accuracy test. The system offers particulate matter detection based on laser scattering principle with a considerable accuracy of 87.7% in comparison when being compared with the TE6001 PM10 air sampler. The main advantage of this system is its ability to provide real time monitoring to obtain in situ data on the PM concentration together with RH and temperature readings which are crucial factors in the air quality monitoring

An Intelligent Safety Warning and Alert System (ISWAS) for Automobile Vehicle

An estimated amount of nearly 1.24 million people dies every year from Road Traffic Accident. Despite the fact that most cars nowadays are equipped with automobile safety technology such as seat belts and airbags system, yet, their functionality is only limited for the prevention of further injuries after an accident. Due to the limitations of the existing automobile safety technology, a better and safer automobile design for prevention of pre-accident is therefore crucial. This project introduces a system namely Intelligent Safety Warning and Alert System (I-SWAS) using Arduino microcontroller as a based operation which offers a low-cost alternative in automobile safety technology for pre-accident prevention and hence reducing the Road Traffic Accident while providing corrective behavioral elements to the drivers driving ability

Digestibilidade do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com reagentes químicos e pressão de vapor Digestibility of sugar cane bagasse treated with chemical reagents and steam pressure

Com o objetivo de elevar a digestibilidade do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, este resíduo agro-industrial foi tratado com inúmeros reagentes químicos acompanhados ou não de tratamento físico. Após ensaios preliminares, nos quais diversos agentes deslignificantes foram avaliados, dez tratamentos foram selecionados para serem melhor estudados em ensaios de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica. Em seguida, para o ensaio de digestibilidade in vivo, foram feitas quatro dietas à base de: 1 - Bagaço auto-hidrolisado (BAH), pressão de 17 kgf/cm² por 5 min; 2 - Bagaço tratado com 4% Na2S + 6% NaOH, pressão de 12 kgf/cm² por 8 min; 3 - Bagaço tratado com 2% Na2S + 3% NaOH, pressão de 12 kgf/cm² por 8 min; e 4 - Bagaço tratado com 9% H2O2 + 7% NaOH, a 70ºC por 8 min. Bagaço tratado com 4% Na2S + 6% NaOH e submetido a 12 kgf/cm² de pressão apresentou os melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido e o maior valor de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Em seguida, o bagaço tratado com 9% H2O2 + 7% NaOH a 70ºC por 8 min apresentou os melhores resultados. Piores resultados foram observados para o bagaço hidrolizado. A melhor digestibilidade de algumas das dietas, particularmente das frações fibrosas, sugere a exiqüibilidade do emprego de menores quantidades de alimento concentrado em dietas à base de bagaço de cana tratado química/fisicamente.<br>In order to increase the sugar cane bagasse digestibility, this agricultural by-product was treated with several chemical reagents with or without physical treatment. After preliminary evaluation, where several delignificant agents were evaluated, ten treatments were selected for more detailed in vitro dry and organic matter disappearance trials. Then, for the in vivo digestibility trial, four sugar cane bagasse based diets were made: 1 - Hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse, pressure of 17 kgf/cm² per 5 min; 2 - Bagasse treated with 4% Na2S + 6% NaOH, pressure of 12 kgf/cm² for 8 min; 3 - Bagasse treated with 2% Na2S + 3% NaOH, pressure of 12 kgf/cm² for 8 min; 4 - Bagasse treated with 9% H2O2 + 7% NaOH, at 70ºC for 8 min. The bagasse treated with 4% Na2S + 6% NaOH and pressure of 12 kgf/cm² for 8 min exhibited the highest coefficients of digestibility for dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, as well as the highest total digestible nutrient values. Secondly, the bagasse treated with 9% H2O2 + 7% NaOH, at 70ºC for 8 min showed the best results. Hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse presented the worst results. The best digestibility data of some diets, particularly of the fibrous fractions, suggests the possibility of reducing the amount of concentrate meal in chemically/physically treated sugar cane based diets