Rocznik Lubuski (t.32, cz.1): Dziedzictwo kulturowe Środkowego Nadodrza

Pod redakcją: Wojciecha Eckerta

Commentary to the judgment of the ECHR of 16 June 2022 Żurek v. Poland, Chamber (Section I), Application no. 39650/18 (on freedom of expression of judges)

The commented ruling of the ECHR of 16 June 2022 in the case Żurek v Poland concerned the crucial issue of judges' freedom of expression. It is particularly significant in the context of the recent changes concerning the judiciary in Poland and the associated threats to judicial independence and the independence of judges, which were manifested, inter alia, by numerous disciplinary proceedings initiated against judges. The authors present the main facts and legal issues concerning the case, as well as the findings of the Court and the judgement. They also refer to other previous judgments relevant to this context. The authors fully endorse the position of the Court that a judge has not only the right but also a duty to speak out on the rule of law in case the reforms introduced in the country constitute a violation of the constitutional principle of a democratic state based on the rule of law.Anna Rytel-Warzocha: [email protected] Jackiewicz: [email protected] Rytel-Warzocha - University of Gdańsk, PolandAndrzej Jackiewicz - University of Bialystok, Poland7210511

VINEYARDS AND WINESHOPS IN THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF ZIELONA GÓRA

The area around Zielona Góra is regarded as the most northerly wine making region in the world. The development of vine cultivation was determined by an exceptionally favourable climate and a hilly terrain, specially its sunny southern slopes. The tradition of vine growing in Zielona Góra goes back to the Middle Ages and is confirmed by a note from 1314. At the end of the nineteenth century vine cultivation started to decline, a process which went on in the following century. The area of the vineyards dropped considerably from 1400 hectares during the 1860s to a mere 110 hectares in 1937. The last local wine producer went bankrupt at the end of 1990s. Today, wine production in Zielona Góra is being revived thanks to the initiative of associations created by numerous growers, planning new vineyards in the region of the town. An inseparable element of the landscape of Zielona Góra were wineshops built on the plantations. The first such objects appeared in the eighteenth century as typically utilitarian wooden sheds and bowers. Brick houses were erected in the nineteenth century, and in 1865 they totalled 697. Residential and farm buildings, frequently featuring original architecture, survived to the early twentieth century. Today only several examples are extant. The house on 'Winne Wzgórze' is a brick edifice from 1818, surrounded by a vineyard and at present encircled with a glassed-in construction - the Palm House, which functions as a cafe. Several other objects, ensconced among contemporary city buildings, come from the first half of the nineteenth century. Unique objects include the so-called wineshop tower from Budachow (today: in the ethnographic Skansen in Ochla near Zielona Góra). The eighteenth- century two-storey building with an attic is covered by means of a hip roof. A chapel whose history dates back to 1314 was raised to commemorate the victims of a plague epidemic which took the lives of 700 residents of the 'town of wine'. During the nineteenth century the chapel fulfilled the function of a wineshop. The landscape of Zielona Góra no longer features so-called 'naboty' - charming buildings erected on a regular polygonal ground plan and covered with a roof resembling a dome. The major part of the outfitting of the houses, including tools used for growing vine and equipment for the processing of the fruit, has also not been preserved. Scarce surviving examples can be seen at permanent exhibitions held by the Lubuska Land Museum and the Ethnographic Museum in Ochla

Wpływ integracji europejskiej na materialne i formalne zmiany konstytucji w Hiszpanii w świetle orzecznictwa hiszpańskiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i praktyki ustrojowej

The purpose of the article is to answer the question of how the process of European integration has influenced the Spanish constitutional order. Taking the European clause set out in Article 93 of the Spanish Constitution as a starting point, it analyzes both impacts of a formal-legal nature, but also influences of a substantive nature affecting the normative content of the Spanish Constitution. The study demonstrates that EU law, based on the principle of “direct applicability” and “direct effect,” intensively influences Spanish constitutional law and has been the strongest factor influencing the Spanish legal order since the enactment of the Spanish Constitution in 1978. Thus, while the Spanish Constitution in the formal sense remains a rigid constitution, when viewed in the category of a substantive constitution, it has proved to be flexible and susceptible to external influence, despite the fact that this occurs de jure with the consent of Spain expressed in respect of the principle of state sovereignty, on the basis of the provisions contained in Article 93 of the Spanish Constitution.Celem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób proces integracji europejskiej wpłynął na hiszpański porządek konstytucyjny. Przyjmując za punkt wyjścia klauzulę europejską zawartą w art. 93 hiszpańskiej konstytucji, przeanalizowano zarówno zmiany o charakterze formalno-prawnym, jak i materialno-prawnym, wpływające na treść normatywną hiszpańskiej konstytucji. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują, że prawo UE, oparte na zasadzie „bezpośredniego stosowania” oraz „bezpośredniego skutku”, intensywnie wpływa na hiszpańskie prawo konstytucyjne i jest najsilniejszym czynnikiem wpływającym na hiszpański porządek prawny od czasu uchwalenia hiszpańskiej konstytucji w 1978 r. O ile zatem konstytucja hiszpańska w sensie formalnym pozostaje konstytucją sztywną, o tyle rozpatrywana w kategorii konstytucji materialnej okazała się konstytucją elastyczną i podatną na wpływy zewnętrzne, mimo że następuje to de iure za zgodą Hiszpanii wyrażoną w poszanowaniu zasady suwerenności państwowej, na podstawie przepisów zawartych w art. 93 konstytucji hiszpańskiej

Non-Woven Filters Made of PLA via Solution Blowing Process for Effective Aerosol Nanoparticles Filtration

With the development of civilization, the awareness of the impact of versatile aerosol particles on both human health and the environment is growing. New materials are needed to purify the air to control this impact The aspect of processing the produced waste is not negligible. In view of the above, this study proposes utilizing the solution blow spinning process (SBS) for manufacturing a biodegradable filtration structure that ensures high efficiency of nanoobject filtration, with a low pressure drop. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used to produce a nanofiber layer on the coconut substrate. The advantage of this method is the ability to blow fibers with diameters in the nano-scale, applying relatively simple, cost-effective, and easy to scale-up equipment. This work selected appropriate process parameters to produce good quality filters. Moreover, the process conditions influence on the morphology of the obtained structures and, thus, also the filtration properties, were examined. For tested solutions, i.e., 4% and 6%, the mean fiber diameter decreased as the concentration decreased. Therefore, the overall filtering efficiency increased as the concentration of the used solution decreased. The produced structures exhibited approximately 70% filtration efficiency for particles ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 μm with a pressure drop of less than 60 Pa. Obtained results are optimistic and are a step in producing efficient, biodegradable filters to remove nanoparticles from air

Effect of work of adhesion on deep bed filtration process

Purpose The purpose of this work was to study the influence of particles and fiber material properties on the deposition efficiency. Collection of aerosol particles in the particular steps of their production, and purification of the air at the workplace and the atmospheric environment requires the efficient method of separation of particulate matter from the carrier gas. There are many papers published in the past years in which the deposition of particles on fibrous collectors is considered. Most of them assume that collisions between particles and collector surfaces are 100% effective. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of this work, the lattice Boltzmann model was used to describe fluid dynamics, whereas the solid particles motion was modeled by the Brownian dynamics. The interactions between particles and surfaces were modeled using an energy-balanced oscillatory model. Findings The results show significant impact of material properties on filter performance. Practical implications Obtained results may provide useful information for the proper design of a filtration process and the production of filters with long service life. Originality/value In addition, the results presented in this work show that some assumptions of the classical filtration theory lead to an overestimation of deposition efficiency. </jats:sec