Economic Development Amidst Income Inequalities and Tax Structure: A Case Study of Pakistan (1976-2011)

Foremost objective of every state is to ensure equal distribution of incomes and justice among the general public.  As of a macroeconomic point of view, if the governments want to attain this objective, tax is one of the most significant tools of fiscal policy. This research explores the relationship among growth, inequality and economic development in the perspective of Pakistan. Time series macro data were used and the impact of taxes on income distribution has been investigated for the period 1976-2011 by employing Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometrics techniques. The index of Gini coefficient was used as an instrument for calculating the income inequality. There are numbers of factors which are responsible for uneven allocation of income in a country, although investment, progressive taxation and growth expenditure on community services play an important function in reducing inequality. This research shows that the share of high income class in GDP is greater as compared to the share of poor class in total manufacture. we may note that this has been as the corporate income raise in developing countries like Pakistan which lead increase in saving and positive impact on the total investment as a outcome its major share goes into the pocket of elite class, so its work in differing direction it lift up income inequality instead of decreasing inequality. The rate at which the income of corporate (elite class) increase is very high than the rate of increase in wages. The results of the estimated model show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results of the long-term equilibrium relationship show that the coefficient of direct taxes is significant and positive. The outcome also point out a positive correlation between per capita GDP and income inequality Keywords: Income, Tax, Wage, Inequality, Gini coefficient, GD

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Feed Nutritional Quality in the Panicum Maximum and Chloris Gayana Grasses

Globally, freshwater scarcity and deterioration of groundwater quantity and quality are becoming more of a problem. The number of crops that can be effectively cultivated is limited because of the effects. The improved pasture species, Panicum maximum and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), have been progressively farmed due to its high dry matter production, favourable cultivation economics, and superiority over other grasses. This aspect needs a thorough understanding of the feed quality of various grasses. The primary goal of this review is to judge the quality and quantity of C. gayana and P. maximum. Total dry matter yield, Crop growth (CG) and mean of the growth rate with plant height were highest in P. maximum while lowest in C. gayana. Crude protein (CP %) was higher in Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) i.e., 6.73 % followed by Rhodes grass (C. gayana) (6.67 %) and Finger grass (Digitaria swazilandensis) (6.20 %). C. gayana achieved the highest total digestible nutrients (57.82 %) than P. maximum