Interlinkages among Terrorism, Macroeconomic Instability, Political Instability, and Economic Growth in Pakistan

This study attempts to establish the relationship between three types of instabilities and economic growth. Political instability, macroeconomic instability, terrorism, and economic growth are analyzed for the period of 1970 to 2019 in Pakistan. The study constructs the indices of the above-mentioned variables by adding some new variables. Results show that terrorism, political instability, macroeconomic instability, and GDP per capita have long-run associations. GDP per capita and political instability is positively related to terrorism. It indicates that political instable environment paves the way for terrorists to achieve their targets in Pakistan. However, the positive association of GDP per capita to terrorism is due to uneven income distribution pattern. It stimulates deprived groups to become a part of violent activities. Furthermore, results show that macroeconomic performance of a country has no significant effect on terrorist activities but persistent poor performance increases the probability of terrorism. Therefore, in the long-run, macroeconomic instability has positive influence on terrorism. Causality relationships indicate no link between political instability and macroeconomic instability. However, terrorism causes both political and macroeconomic instability in Pakistan

Housing Crises in Pakistan: Review of Population Growth and Deficiencies in Housing Laws and Policies

The advanced technologies in agricultural sector and rapid industrialization cause massive rural-urban migration in Pakistan. In 2011, the level of urbanization was 36.2, while there were 21.7 million houses in the country as against the population of 186 million. Pakistan is facing shortage of 9 million residential houses, which is growing with the ratio of 600,000 annually. Pakistan is still in its infancy when compared with other developing and developed countries. Although the country has plethora of laws and policies to strengthen the housing sector, yet there are still many legal loopholes and gapes in effective implementation. The present research will explore housing demand and supply gaps, laws and policies and status of their implementation in the country. The research also finds the weaknesses of laws and policies implementation for the improvement of housing sector in Pakistan and Present some remedial strategies to strengthen the housing secto

Interlinkages among Terrorism, Macroeconomic Instability, Political Instability, and Economic Growth in Pakistan

This study attempts to establish the relationship between three types of instabilities and economic growth. Political instability, macroeconomic instability, terrorism, and economic growth are analyzed for the period of 1970 to 2019 in Pakistan. The study constructs the indices of the above-mentioned variables by adding some new variables. Results show that terrorism, political instability, macroeconomic instability, and GDP per capita have long-run associations. GDP per capita and political instability is positively related to terrorism. It indicates that political instable environment paves the way for terrorists to achieve their targets in Pakistan. However, the positive association of GDP per capita to terrorism is due to uneven income distribution pattern. It stimulates deprived groups to become a part of violent activities. Furthermore, results show that macroeconomic performance of a country has no significant effect on terrorist activities but persistent poor performance increases the probability of terrorism. Therefore, in the long-run, macroeconomic instability has positive influence on terrorism. Causality relationships indicate no link between political instability and macroeconomic instability. However, terrorism causes both political and macroeconomic instability in Pakistan