Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in hematologic malignancies

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway represents an important anticancer target because it has been implicated in cancer cell growth, survival, and motility. Recent studies show that PI3K may also play a role in the development of resistance to currently available therapies. In a broad range of cancers, various components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling axis are genetically modified, and the pathway can be activated through many different mechanisms. The frequency of genetic alterations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, coupled with the impact in oncogenesis and disease progression, make this signaling axis an attractive target in anticancer therapy. A better understanding of the critical function of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in leukemias and lymphomas has led to the clinical evaluation of novel rationally designed inhibitors in this setting. Three main categories of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors have been developed so far: agents that target phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (dual inhibitors), pan-phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors that target all class I isoforms, and isoform-specific inhibitors that selectively target the α, -β, -γ, or -δ isoforms. Emerging data highlight the promise of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors in combination with other therapies for the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies. Further evaluation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors in first-line or subsequent regimens may improve clinical outcomes. This article reviews the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in hematologic malignancies and the potential clinical utility of inhibitors that target this pathway

Development and targeted use of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia

The development of imatinib has resulted in sustained hematologic and cytogenetic remissions in all phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Despite the high efficacy, relapses have been observed and are much more prevalent in patients with advanced disease. The most common mechanism of acquired resistance has been traced to Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations. Several strategies have been developed to overcome the problem of imatinib resistance, including imatinib dose escalation, novel targeted agents and combination treatments. A second generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was developed, which displays increased potency towards Bcr-Abl and is able to target the majority of CML mutant clones. Nilotinib (Tasigna®, AMN107, Novartis) is a close analog of imatinib with approximately 20-fold higher potency for BCR-ABL kinase inhibition. Preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrate that nilotinib effectively overcomes imatinib resistance, and has induced high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML post imatinib failure, with a good tolerance. Nilotinib has been approved for CML patients in chronic and accelerated phases, post imatinib failure

Brazil: considerations on recent political dynamics

This article attempts to forge a synthesis of political dynamics started in 2003. The analyses core lies in the political parties and social class dynamics which resulted in an attempt both to transition acceleration to a New National Development Project as a growing and organized resistance of the ruling classes. Resistance who gained great strenght since the "siege to monetary" promoted by Dilma Rousseff government in 2012, becomes a real political force during 2013 and in mass movement since the Dilma´s second term

Ignacio Rangel e suas influências intelectuais

XX Encontro Nacional de Economia Política: desenvolvimento Latino-Americano, Integração e Inserção Internacional - UNILA, Foz do Iguaçu, 26 a 29 de maio de 2015Tendo em vista os debates iniciados sobre a obra de Ignacio de Mourão Rangel, no bojo de seu centenário de nascimento (2014), este artigo tem por objetivo uma discussão inicial sobre as infl uências exercidas sobre o citado autor ao longo de sua extensa obra. Advogamos que a consequência do pensamento marxista de Rangel, causa e consequência de sua larga visão de ciência e do caráter evolutiva da economia, foi resultante de diversas infl uências desde fi losófi cas (Hegel e Kant) –, passando por Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Vladimir Lênin – até a absorção, via Schumpeter, das ondas largas da conjuntura de Kondratiev e a consequente utilização de postulados keynesianos e do estruturalismo cepalino. Tratam-se de infl uências que explicam, em grande monta, o êxito – em Rangel – tanto da transformação do materialismo histórico em algo profundamente brasileiro quanto a elaboração de uma Economia Política do Brasil capaz de dar cientifi cidade, e consequência, ao estudo da ação das leis econômicas sobre uma formação social complexaBanco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu (ITAIPU); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA

Transformações regressivas e a presente transição brasileira em Ignacio Rangel

Após quase uma década de sua morte, o Pensamento Independente de Ignacio Rangel retorna ao centro do debate de ideias acerca dos destinos de nosso país. No sentido de apreciar e analisar a presente problemática brasileira e apontar ao seu futuro, este artigo tem por objetivo recolocar e desenvolver os principais enunciados deste pensador. A percepção das transformações regressivas sofridas pela economia brasileira na década de 1990 e os avanços verificados desde 2003 nos leva a perceber um processo de transição à Quarta Dualidade rangeliana. Processo inconcluso este cujo sucesso demanda superar as institucionalidades criadas no âmbito do Plano Real e do Regime de Metas de Inflação

State, market, private sector in recent China's economic development

The main of this article is to demonstrate, from an over view of China's economic reforms, that the emergence of a large private sector and the sophistication and diversification of the industry has required continued reorganization activities between the state and private sector sof the economy. We support in this paper the state began to develop major role in the spheres involving the control of the major industry sector sand big finance, as well as the coordination and socialization of investment – in this case, economic policy (monetary and fiscal), foreign trade and especially, the laun chof innovative and superior form sof economic planning

On The Chinese Socialist Market Economy And The “New Projectment Economy”

This article aims to show that the Chinese development process over the past four decades is not a self-explanatory fact. It is a process that may have revealed the ultimate limitation of the current capacities for interpretation represented by both orthodox and heterodox approaches. This limitation is due to two objective facts: 1) the transformation of the “socialist market economy” into a new socioeconomic formation (NSEF), a process that has accelerated since the financial crisis of 2008—the emergence of this NSEF results from a series of institutional innovations designed to accommodate a myriad of modes of production, all of them under the leadership of the public (socialist) sector; and 2) the continuous technical progress achieved by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Following the successful implementation of proactive industrial policies, the above-mentioned developments led to the appearance in China of new and superior forms of economic planning. This process can be understood as the re-emergence of Ignacio Rangel’s “project economy,” now under the title of the “new projectment economy.” In our view, perceiving and understanding this change in the mode of production in China, and the theoretical resources involved in it, represents the greatest challenge before today’s social science