Genetic Dissection of an Exogenously Induced Biofilm in Laboratory and Clinical Isolates of E. coli

Microbial biofilms are a dominant feature of many human infections. However, developing effective strategies for controlling biofilms requires an understanding of the underlying biology well beyond what currently exists. Using a novel strategy, we have induced formation of a robust biofilm in Escherichia coli by utilizing an exogenous source of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) polymer, a major virulence factor of many pathogens. Through microarray profiling of competitive selections, carried out in both transposon insertion and over-expression libraries, we have revealed the genetic basis of PNAG-based biofilm formation. Our observations reveal the dominance of electrostatic interactions between PNAG and surface structures such as lipopolysaccharides. We show that regulatory modulation of these surface structures has significant impact on biofilm formation behavior of the cell. Furthermore, the majority of clinical isolates which produced PNAG also showed the capacity to respond to the exogenously produced version of the polymer

Fabrication of ‘finger-geometry’ silicon solar cells by electrochemical anodisation

Cells made from crystalline silicon dominate the market for photovoltaics, but improvements in cost-effectiveness are still necessary for uptake to increase. In this paper, we investigate the fabrication of a cell structure which has the potential to be compatible with cheap low-purity silicon substrates. In our cell design the charge-collecting p–n junction protrudes into the substrate like fingers, thus significantly reducing the required carrier diffusion length compared to a front planar junction cell. The macroporous structure is created by electrochemical anodisation of an n-type silicon substrate in an HF and H2O2 (aqueous) electrolyte. The pores are loaded with a boron-containing glass which is then annealed to diffuse the dopant into the silicon substrate forming a volume junction. The anodisation conditions have been optimised using intentionally contaminated single-crystal silicon as a model system. We characterise the junction formed by electron beam induced current and current–voltage measurements. The anodisation study is extended to n-type multicrystalline silicon and it is found that the orientation of the grains strongly influences the geometry of the pores formed. The potential for using this cell structure for low-cost photovoltaics is discussed and potential problems are highlighted

A conducting nanocomposite via intercalative polymerisation of 2-methylaniline with aniline in montmorillonite cation-exchanged

Polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared. Intercalation of 2-methylaniline with aniline monomers into montmorillonite modified by cation was followed by subsequent oxidative polymerization of the monomers in the interlayer spacing. The clay was prepared by cation exchange process between sodium cation in (M-Na) and copper cation (M-Cu). We prepared a series of polymer/clay nanocomposite materials that consisted of an emeraldine base of poly(2-MA), poly(2-MA-co-ANI) and PANI by layered copper montmorillonite. All organic monomers used were first intercalated into the interlayer regions of clay hosts followed by a one-step in situ oxidative polymerization. The unique properties of the as-synthesized nanocomposites materials are investigated by electronic conductivity measurements, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and SEM, were also studied by cyclic voltammetry which indicates the electroactive effect of nanocomposite gradually increased with aniline in the polymer chain.This work was supported by the National Agency for the Development of University Research (ANDRU), the Directorate General of Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) of Algeria "The location of the manufacturer of samples is University of Mascara-Algeria" and the Departamento de Quimica Fisica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante (Spain) "Samples characterization are in University of Alicante-Spain".Chouli, F.; Benyoucef, A.; Yahiaoui, A.; Quijada Tomás, C.; Morallón, E. (2012). 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Exposure to respirable dust and manganese and prevalence of airways symptoms, among Swedish mild steel welders in the manufacturing industry.

Welding fume consists of metal fumes, e.g., manganese (Mn) and gases, e.g., ozone. Particles in the respirable dust (RD) size range dominate. Exposure to welding fume could cause short- and long-term respiratory effects. The prevalence of work-related symptoms among mild steel welders was studied, and the occupational exposure to welding fumes was quantified by repeated measurements of RD, respirable Mn, and ozone. Also the variance components were studied

The vocal repertoire of the domesticated zebra finch: a data-driven approach to decipher the information-bearing acoustic features of communication signals

Although a universal code for the acoustic features of animal vocal communication calls may not exist, the thorough analysis of the distinctive acoustical features of vocalization categories is important not only to decipher the acoustical code for a specific species but also to understand the evolution of communication signals and the mechanisms used to produce and understand them.Here, we recorded more than 8,000 examples of almost all the vocalizations of the domesticated Zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata: vocalizations produced to establish contact, to form and maintain pair bonds, to sound an alarm, to communicate distress or to advertise hunger or aggressive intents. We characterized each vocalization type using complete representations that avoided any a priori assumptions on the acoustic code, as well as classical bioacoustics measures that could provide more intuitive interpretations. We then used these acoustical features to rigorously determine the potential information-bearing acoustical features for each vocalization type using both a novel regularized classifier and an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Vocalization categories are discriminated by the shape of their frequency spectrum and by their pitch saliency (noisy to tonal vocalizations) but not particularly by their fundamental frequency. Notably, the spectral shape of zebra finch vocalizations contains peaks or formants that vary systematically across categories and that would be generated by active control of both the vocal organ (source) and the upper vocal tract (filter)