Prediction of higher mortality reduction for the UK Breast Screening Frequency Trial: A model-based approach on screening intervals

Background: The optimal interval between two consecutive mammograms is uncertain. The UK Frequency Trial did not show a significant difference in breast cancer mortality between screening every year (study group) and screening every 3 years (control group). In this study, the trial is simulated in order to gain insight into the results of the trial and to predict the effect of different screening intervals on breast cancer mortality. Methods: UK incidence, life tables and information from the trial were used in the microsimulation model MISCAN-Fadia to simulate the trial and predict the number of breast ca

The Hunting Behavior and Carnivory of Wild Chimpanzees

The pursuit, capture and consumption of small- and medium-sized vertebrates appear to be typical of all chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations, although large variation exists. Red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus sp.) appear to be the preferred prey, but intensity and frequency of hunting varies from month to month and among populations. Hunting is a predominately male activity and is typically opportunistic, although there is some evidence of searching for prey. The degree of cooperation during hunting, as well as prey selection, varies between East and West African populations and may be related to the way the kill is divided: in West Africa, hunters often collaborate, with kills tending to be shared according to participation, whereas in East Africa, cooperation in hunting is more limited and the kill is typically consumed selfishly, or divided in response to harassment (begging) by others. In some cases it may be shared tactically, trading meat with other males to strengthen alliances. The adaptive function of chimpanzee hunting is not well understood and a variety of hypotheses have been proposed. Ideas that chimpanzees hunt to make up for nutritional shortfalls, or to acquire meat to trade for sex, have failed to find empirical support, while recent work favors nutritional benefits of some kind. Nevertheless, cross-population studies evaluating multiple hypotheses are in their infancy, and there is much to be learned. In particular, very little is known about hunting of non-primates, particularly ungulates, or the impact that variation in levels of hunting, and of carcasses to share and consume, has on patterns of chimpanzee behavior. If one goal of studying this topic is to shed light on the behavioral ecology of hominins, then efforts to understand the diversity of hunting and carnivory in wild chimpanzees are needed

A frequência da utilização de profilaxia para trombose venosa profunda em pacientes clínicos hospitalizados The frequency of using prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis among clinical hospitalized patients

CONTEXTO: A profilaxia para trombose venosa profunda (TVP) está sendo subutilizada, ainda que seja a causa mais comum de mortalidade hospitalar passível de prevenção. Assim, é relevante responder à pergunta de pesquisa: qual a frequência da utilização de profilaxia para TVP em pacientes clínicos hospitalizados? OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência da utilização de profilaxia para TVP em pacientes clínicos hospitalizados. A hipótese foi de 20%. MÉTODOS: Tipo de estudo: Estudo transversal de frequência. Local: Hospital Geral do Estado Dr. Osvaldo Brandão Vilela, Maceió, Alagoas. Amostra: Foram incluídos os pacientes clínicos e excluídos os menores de 18 anos, as gestantes e os pacientes hospitalizados há menos de 72 horas. Variável primária: a frequência da utilização de profilaxia para TVP. Variáveis secundárias: a frequência da utilização de métodos físicos e farmacológicos para a prevenção de TVP. Métodos estatísticos: O tamanho da amostra foi de 246 indivíduos (proporção=20%, precisão absoluta=5%, nível de significância=5%). Foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado e o intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A frequência da utilização de profilaxia para TVP foi 33% (80/246; IC95% 2 a 38). A frequência da utilização de métodos físicos para a prevenção de TVP foi 17% (41/246; IC95% 12 a 21) e de métodos farmacológicos foi 26% (64/246; IC95% 21 a 31). CONCLUSÃO: A frequência da utilização de profilaxia para TVP em pacientes clínicos hospitalizados foi 33%.<br>CONTEXT: The prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis is being underused, although this disease be the most common cause of intrahospital mortality that could be prevented. Thus, it is relevant to answer the research question: what is the frequency of use of prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis among clinical hospitalized patients? OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of use of prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis in clinical hospitalized patients. The research hypothesis was 20%. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Hospital Geral do Estado Dr. Osvaldo Brandão Vilela, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Sample: Clinical hospitalized patients were included. Patients under 18 years-old, pregnant women and those admitted with less than 72 hours of hospitalization were excluded. Primary variable: the frequency of use of prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis. Secondary variable: the frequency of physical and pharmacological methods to prevent deep venous thrombosis. Statistical Methods: The sample size was 246 individuals (proportion=20%, absolute precision=5%, significance level=5%). The statistical analysis was performed using qui-square test and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The frequency of using prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis was 33% (80/246; CI95% 27 to 38). The frequency of using physical methods to prevent deep venous thrombosis was 17% (41/246; CI95% 12 to 21) and the frequency of using pharmacological methods was 26% (64/246;CI95% 21 to 31). CONCLUSION: The frequency of use of prophylaxis to deep venous thrombosis among clinical hospitalized patients was 33%