6,365 research outputs found
Opening Remarks: The States and Cities as Federal Laboratories of Democracy
Mr. Schwarz’s opening remarks address the function of local and state governments in stimulating more widespread change. He begins by providing examples of such inspiration to change throughout American History. First, Mr. Schwarz discusses the role of states in forging both institutional process reforms and social, substantive, and economic changes. Next, he discusses the advantages of using localities as grounds to test social experiments. Lastly, Mr. Schwarz discusses the relationship between experimentation in localities and federalism values, both generally and with specific regard to the role of minority interests. These remarks were made at From the Ground Up: Local Lessons for National Reform, a national conference on campaign finance reform held on November 9, 1998, sponsored by the New York City Campaign Finance Board and the Association of the Bar of the City of New York
Opening Remarks: The States and Cities as Federal Laboratories of Democracy
Mr. Schwarz’s opening remarks address the function of local and state governments in stimulating more widespread change. He begins by providing examples of such inspiration to change throughout American History. First, Mr. Schwarz discusses the role of states in forging both institutional process reforms and social, substantive, and economic changes. Next, he discusses the advantages of using localities as grounds to test social experiments. Lastly, Mr. Schwarz discusses the relationship between experimentation in localities and federalism values, both generally and with specific regard to the role of minority interests. These remarks were made at From the Ground Up: Local Lessons for National Reform, a national conference on campaign finance reform held on November 9, 1998, sponsored by the New York City Campaign Finance Board and the Association of the Bar of the City of New York
Kinematic and morphological modeling of the bipolar nebula Sa2-237
We present [OIII]500.7nm and Halpha+[NII] images and long-slit, high
resolution echelle spectra in the same spectral regions of Sa2--237, a possible
bipolar planetary nebula. The image shows a bipolar nebula of about 34" extent,
with a narrow waist, and showing strong point symmetry about the central
object, indicating it's likely binary nature. The long slit spectra were taken
over the long axis of the nebula, and show a distinct ``eight'' shaped pattern
in the velocity--space plot, and a maximum projected outflow velocity of
V=106km/s, both typical of expanding bipolar planetary nebulae. By model
fitting the shape and spectrum of the nebula simultaneously, we derive the
inclination of the long axis to be 70 degrees, and the maximum space velocity
of expansion to be 308 km/s. Due to asymmetries in the velocities we adopt a
new value for the system's heliocentric radial velocity of -30km/s. We use the
IRAS and 21cm radio fluxes, the energy distribution, and the projected size of
Sa2-237 to estimate it's distance to be 2.1+-0.37kpc. At this distance Sa2-237
has a luminosity of 340 Lsun, a size of 0.37pc, and -- assuming constant
expansion velocity -- a nebular age of 624 years. The above radial velocity and
distance place Sa2--237 in the disk of the Galaxy at z=255pc, albeit with
somewhat peculiar kinematics.Comment: 10pp, 4 fig
Influence of substrate temperature on lattice strain field and phase transition in MeV oxygen ion implanted GaAs crystals
A detailed study of the influence of substrate temperature on the radiation-induced lattice strain field and crystalline-to-amorphous (c-a) phase transition in MeV oxygen ion implanted GaAs crystals has been made using channeling Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the x-ray rocking curve technique. A comparison has been made between the cases of room temperature (RT) and low temperature (LT) (about 100 K) implantation. A strong in situ dynamic annealing process is found in RT implantation at a moderate beam current, resulting in a uniform positive strain field in the implanted layer. LT implantation introduces a freeze-in effect which impedes the recombination and diffusion of initial radiation-created lattice damage and defects, and in turn drives more efficiently the c-a transition as well as strain saturation and relaxation. The results are interpreted with a spike damage model in which the defect production process is described in terms of the competition between defect generation by nuclear spikes and defects diffusion and recombination stimulated by electronic spikes. It is also suggested that the excess population of vacancies and their complexes is responsible for lattice spacing expansion in ion-implanted GaAs crystals
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Strengthening \u27or\u27: Effects of Focus and Downward Entailing Contexts on Scalar Implicatures
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