Reais perseguições: os atos monárquicos e as perseguições ao povo judeu

The work makes a brief review of literature, in Spanish-language publications, based on the collection of the Jewish Historical Archive of Pernambuco (in Brazil), with the objective of gathering the acts, procedures, and references to monarchical decrees that institutionalized some forms of persecution of Jews in Europe in the medieval period. Specifically, the practices of confiscation of assets, evictions, collection of taxes and fees, forced conversions, the construction of Jewish neighborhoods (juderias) and the appropriations of synagogues. It questions the role of these decrees in consolidating the loathing that has historically been built around the Jewish people.El trabajo hace una breve revisión de la literatura, en publicaciones en español, basada en la colección del Archivo Histórico Judío de Pernambuco (en Brasil), con el objetivo de reunir los actos, procedimientos y referencias a los decretos monárquicos que institucionalizaron algunas formas de persecución contra el Judios en Europa en el período medieval. Específicamente, las prácticas de confiscación de activos, desalojos, recaudación de impuestos y tasas, conversiones forzadas, la construcción de barrios judíos (juderías) y las apropiaciones de sinagogas. Cuestiona el papel de estos decretos en la consolidación del odio que históricamente se ha construido alrededor del pueblo judío.O trabalho faz uma breve revisão de literatura, em publicações de língua espanhola, com base no acervo do Arquivo Histórico Judaico de Pernambuco, com o objetivo de reunir os atos, procedimentos, e menções aos decretos monárquicos que institucionalizaram algumas formas de perseguição aos judeus na Europa no período medieval. Especificamente as práticas de confisco de bens, expulsões, cobranças de taxas e impostos, conversões forçadas, a construção de bairros judeus (juderias) e as apropriações das sinagogas. Problematiza o papel destes decretos na consolidação da ojeriza que historicamente se construiu em torno do povo judeu

Sampling rate in the dynamic speckle analysis

Dynamic laser speckle and its biological version (biospeckle laser) have been used in many areas of knowledge. Its noninvasive approach allows the application in advantage regarding those that need contact or damage the analyzed sample. However, one needs the sharp adjust of the image acquiring and processing. In this article, we show how the variation of sampling rate in a dynamic speckle analysis affects the value of dynamic speckle indexes concerning the absolute value of the differences index, the temporal speckle standard deviation index, and the temporal speckle mean index. We show that the dynamic speckle index value changes its maximum excursion with the variation of sampling rate, affected directly by the camera's time integration (time of exposure). We highlight the importance of knowing the frequency band of the analyzed phenomenon and its signal to choose the appropriate sampling rate, with the recommendation of using the lowest sampling rate possible¿without compromise the speckle grains¿to obtain an acceptable maximum excursion and an illumination level with a good signal-noise ratio. The results will help those who work with the phenomenon/technique to enhance their analysis tailoring the set up and yielding reliable results, since the optical method demands a rigorous bias of the image acquiring and processing

The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Police Activity and Police-Citizen Encounters: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Many have suggested that placing body-worn cameras (BWCs) on police officers improves the civility of police-citizen encounters and enhances citizen perceptions of police transparency and legitimacy. In response, many police departments have adopted this technology to address public concerns over the quality of policing in their communities. The existing program evaluation evidence on the intended and unintended consequences of outfitting police officers with BWCs is still developing, however. This study reports the findings of a randomized controlled trial involving more than 400 police officers in Las Vegas, Nevada. We find that officers equipped with body-worn cameras generated fewer complaints and use of force reports relative to officers without cameras. BWC officers also made more arrests and issued more citations than their non-BWC counterparts. The findings of this randomized controlled trial raise the possibility that planning for the placement of BWCs on officers should consider the competing effects of improvement in civilian perceptions of police generated by reductions in complaints and use of force incidents and of public concerns about increased enforcement activity

The protoMIRAX Hard X-ray Imaging Balloon Experiment

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging telescope is a balloon-borne experiment developed as a pathfinder for the MIRAX satellite mission. The experiment consists essentially in a coded-aperture hard X-ray (30-200 keV) imager with a square array (13$\times$13) of 2mm-thick planar CZT detectors with a total area of 169 cm$^2$. The total, fully-coded field-of-view is $21^{\circ}\times 21^{\circ}$ and the angular resolution is 1$^{\circ}$43'. In this paper we describe the protoMIRAX instrument and all the subsystems of its balloon gondola, and we show simulated results of the instrument performance. The main objective of protoMIRAX is to carry out imaging spectroscopy of selected bright sources to demonstrate the performance of a prototype of the MIRAX hard X-ray imager. Detailed background and imaging simulations have been performed for protoMIRAX balloon flights. The 3$\sigma$ sensitivity for the 30-200 keV range is ~1.9 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for an integration time of 8 hs at an atmospheric depth of 2.7 g cm$^{-2}$ and an average zenith angle of 30$^{\circ}$. We have developed an attitude control system for the balloon gondola and new data handling and ground systems that also include prototypes for the MIRAX satellite. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the camera response at balloon altitudes, showing the expected background level and the detailed sensitivity of protoMIRAX. We also present the results of imaging simulations of the Crab region. The results show that protoMIRAX is capable of making spectral and imaging observations of bright hard X-ray source fields. Furthermore, the balloon observations will carry out very important tests and demonstrations of MIRAX hardware and software in a near space environment.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic