A three-dimensional application with the numerical grid generation code: EAGLE (utilizing an externally generated surface)

Program EAGLE (Eglin Arbitrary Geometry Implicit Euler) is a multiblock grid generation and steady-state flow solver system. This system combines a boundary conforming surface generation, a composite block structure grid generation scheme, and a multiblock implicit Euler flow solver algorithm. The three codes are intended to be used sequentially from the definition of the configuration under study to the flow solution about the configuration. EAGLE was specifically designed to aid in the analysis of both freestream and interference flow field configurations. These configurations can be comprised of single or multiple bodies ranging from simple axisymmetric airframes to complex aircraft shapes with external weapons. Each body can be arbitrarily shaped with or without multiple lifting surfaces. Program EAGLE is written to compile and execute efficiently on any CRAY machine with or without Solid State Disk (SSD) devices. Also, the code uses namelist inputs which are supported by all CRAY machines using the FORTRAN Compiler CF177. The use of namelist inputs makes it easier for the user to understand the inputs and to operate Program EAGLE. Recently, the Code was modified to operate on other computers, especially the Sun Spare4 Workstation. Several two-dimensional grid configurations were completely and successfully developed using EAGLE. Currently, EAGLE is being used for three-dimension grid applications

Anodized aluminum on LDEF: A current status of measurements on chromic acid anodized aluminum

Chromic acid anodize was used as the exterior coating for aluminum surfaces on LDEF to provide passive thermal control. Chromic acid anodized aluminum was also used as test specimens in thermal control coatings experiments. The following is a compilation and analysis of the data obtained thus far

Selected results for LDEF thermal control coatings

Several different thermal control coatings were analyzed as part of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Materials Special Investigation Group activity and as part of the Space Environment Effects on Spacecraft Materials Experiment M0003. A brief discussion of the results obtained for these materials is presented

The implementation of the graphics of program EAGLE: A numerical grid generation code on NASA Langley SNS computer system

Program EAGLE (Eglin Arbitrary Geometry Implicit Euler) Numerical Grid Generation System is a composite (multi-block) algebraic or elliptic grid generation system designed to discretize the domain in and/or around any arbitrarily shaped three dimensional regions. This system combines a boundary conforming surface generation scheme and includes plotting routines designed to take full advantage of the DISSPLA Graphics Package (Version 9.0). Program EAGLE is written to compile and execute efficiently on any Cray machine with or without solid state disk (SSD) devices. Also, the code uses namelist inputs which are supported by all Cray machines using the FORTRAN compiler CFT77. The namelist inputs makes it easier for the user to understand the inputs and operation of Program EAGLE. EAGLE's numerical grid generator is constructed in the following form: main program, EGG (executive routine); subroutine SURFAC (surface generation routine); subroutine GRID (grid generation routine); and subroutine GRDPLOT (grid plotting routines). The EAGLE code was modified to use on the NASA-LaRC SNS computer (Cray 2S) system. During the modification a conversion program was developed for the output data of EAGLE's subroutine GRID to permit the data to be graphically displayed by IRIS workstations, using Plot3D. The code of program EAGLE was modified to make operational subroutine GRDPLOT (using DI-3000 Graphics Software Packages) on the NASA-LaRC SNS Computer System. How to implement graphically, the output data of subroutine GRID was determined on any NASA-LaRC graphics terminal that has access to the SNS Computer System DI-300 Graphics Software Packages. A Quick Reference User Guide was developed for the use of program EAGLE on the NASA-LaRC SNS Computer System. One or more application program(s) was illustrated using program EAGLE on the NASA LaRC SNS Computer System, with emphasis on graphics illustrations

Z306 molecular contamination ad hoc committee results

LDEF external surfaces which did not receive significant amounts of atomic oxygen were observed to be coated with a brown contamination, apparently the result of a condensed organic residue darkened due to UV radiation exposure. During the initial Materials Special Investigation Group (MSIG) Meeting after LDEF deintegration, held in Seattle - July 1990, this organic contamination was the subject of much discussion. The amount of contamination was thought to be significant and its source was immediately believed to be the Z306 black thermal control coating used to coat the entire inner surface of LDEF. Due to the size of the structure, it was not feasible to bake-out the coating. However, initial data on the contamination film was confusing in that significant amounts of silicon was observed by several different researchers. Silicon (from silicone) was not expected to be a potential outgassing product of the Z306 polyurethane coating. To investigate the connection between external contamination and the interior paint, a MSIG ad hoc committee was formed

ORGANIZING SMALL FARMERS TO EXPLOIT MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES

Marketing,

Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease

Johnny L GaytonEyesight Associates, Warner Robins, GA, USAPurpose: This review article examines the prevalence, etiology, and current therapies of dry eye disease, with special focus on postmenopausal women.Method: A systematic literature search utilizing MEDLINE was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles related to dry eye published prior to September 2008. The terms “dry eye” and “women” were searched in combination with one or more of the following words or phrases: prevalence, postmenopausal, etiology, risk factors, therapy, medications, surgery, tear film, and quality of life. Articles were selected based on their direct applicability to the subject matter. A manual search was also conducted based on citations in the published literature.Results: Epidemiologic studies identified prevalence rates ranging from 7% in the United States to 33% in Taiwan and Japan. Risk factors include advanced age, female sex, smoking, extreme heat or cold weather conditions, low relative humidity, use of video display terminals, refractive surgery, contact lens wear, and certain medications.Conclusion: The last decade has brought about a better understanding of the etiology of dry eye disease. New therapies that can alleviate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease and, consequently, improve the quality of life of dry eye patients are available in the market.Keywords: dry eye disease, etiology, prevalence, postmenopausal wome

Pentecostal Health: The Intentionality of Being a Spirit-filled Ministry

The premise of this research project asserts that a disconnect exists between what Pentecostal churches profess to believe and what is experienced and practiced by their congregations. The purpose of this project was to discover if this disconnect exists. Secular philosopher Franz Brentano popularized the concept of intentionality. Jesus demonstrated intentionality regarding the partnership with the Holy Spirit and his followers, expecting them to be empowered with the Holy Spirit for Christian living and witness. Jesus always intended for his Church to be filled with Pentecostal people. Jesus’ intention can be perceived by observing what He said about the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of John and what Luke demonstrated in the ministry of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke and Acts. The concept of Pentecostal Health is presented in this research, identifying six characteristics of a healthy Pentecostal ministry. A congregational survey and a staff/leadership survey were developed and distributed to six participating Assembly of God churches to measure the accuracy of their self-awareness and whether the outcomes correlate with their experiences and practices. The surveys also assess the desired needs regarding the Holy Spirit. The evidence reveals both the strengths of the church and areas of needed growth. This empowers the staff and leadership of these churches to take intentional steps in regaining, maintaining, and increasing their Pentecostal health. Intentionality is necessary for Pentecostal leaders to successfully pass on the essential experiences and practices that identify them as Spirit-filled ministries. Abstract (Spanish) La premisa de este proyecto de investigación afirma que existe una desconexión entre lo que las iglesias pentecostales profesan creer y lo que experimentan y practican sus congregaciones. El propósito de este proyecto fue descubrir si existe esta desconexión. El filósofo secular Franz Brentano popularizó el concepto de intencionalidad. Jesús demostró intencionalidad con respecto a la asociación con el Espíritu Santo y sus seguidores, esperando que fueran empoderados con el Espíritu Santo para la vida y el testimonio cristiano. Jesús siempre tuvo la intención de que su Iglesia estuviera llena de gente pentecostal. La intención de Jesús se puede percibir al observar lo que dijo sobre el Espíritu Santo en el Evangelio de Juan y lo que Lucas demostró del ministerio de Jesús en el Evangelio de Lucas y Hechos. En esta investigación se presenta el concepto de Salud Pentecostal, identificando seis características de un ministerio pentecostal saludable. Se desarrollaron y distribuyeron una encuesta congregacional y una encuesta de liderazgo a seis iglesias participantes de las Asambleas de Dios para medir la precisión de su autoconciencia y si los resultados se correlacionan con sus experiencias y prácticas. Las encuestas también evalúan las necesidades deseadas con respecto al Espíritu Santo. La evidencia revela tanto las fortalezas de la iglesia como las áreas de crecimiento necesario. Esto faculta al liderazgo de estas iglesias a tomar medidas intencionales para recuperar, mantener y aumentar su Salud Pentecostal. La intencionalidad es necesaria para que los líderes pentecostales transmitan con éxito las experiencias y prácticas esenciales que los identifican como ministerios llenos del Espíritu

Biologic effects of oil fly ash.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated increased human morbidity and mortality with elevations in the concentration of ambient air particulate matter (PM). Fugitive fly ash from the combustion of oil and residual fuel oil significantly contributes to the ambient air particle burden. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is remarkable in the capacity to provoke injury in experimental systems. The unique composition of this emission source particle makes it particularly useful as a surrogate for ambient air PM in studies of biologic effects testing the hypothesis that metals mediate the biologic effects of air pollution particles. A majority of the in vitro and animal model investigations support the postulate that transition metals present in ROFA (especially vanadium) participate in Fenton-like chemical reactions to produce reactive oxygen species. This is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappa B and other transcription factor activation, induction of inflammatory mediator expression, and inflammatory lung injury. It is also evident that vanadium accounts for a significant portion of the biologic activity of ROFA. The extrapolation of this body of investigation on ROFA to the field of ambient air PM is difficult, as particles in numerous environments have such small amounts of vanadium

Systems and Methods for Providing Insulation

Systems and methods provide a multi-layer insulation (MLI) that includes a plurality of sealed metalized volumes in a stacked arrangement, wherein the plurality of sealed metalized volumes encapsulate a gas therein, with the gas having one of a thermal insulating property, an acoustic insulating property, or a combination insulating property thereof. The MLI also includes at least one spacer between adjacent sealed metalized volumes of the plurality of sealed metalized volumes and a protective cover surrounding the plurality of sealed metalized volumes