Levels of polychlorinated organic compounds in human milk in the Netherlands, 1993. The role of determinants

Niveaus van organochloorverbindingen (OCV's) in moedermelk worden beschreven voor 103 primiparae, onderzocht in 1993. Het blijkt dat leeftijd, quetelet index en rookgewoonten van de moeder belangrijke determinanten zijn van de gemeten OCV niveaus in moedermelk. De in dit onderzoek gevonden associaties met voeding zijn minder duidelijk en niet consistent voor de verschillende somparameters. (Voedings) adviezen op het niveau van het individu worden op grond van de huidige onderzoeksresultaten niet zinvol geacht. Teneinde de effectiviteit van het huidige beleid (brongerichte aanpak) te kunnen evalueren, is het wenselijk de gehalten in voeding als ook de niveaus in moedermelk de komende jaren te blijven monitoren.Levels of polychlorinated organic compounds (POCs) in human milk are described for 103 primiparae, studied in 1993. It appeared that age, quetelet index, and smoking habits of the mother do influence the levels in human milk. Although some of the investigated dietary products were associated with the levels in human milk these associations were rather weak and not consistent for the various sumparameters. (Dietary) recommendations at the individual level are not considered in the light of these results. To monitor the effectiveness of source-oriented environmental policies, continuation of periodical measurements of POC levels in food and human milk is recommended.IG

Verontreiniging van moedermelk met gechloreerde koolwaterstoffen in Nederland, 1993. De rol van determinanten

Niveaus van organochloorverbindingen (OCV's) in moedermelk worden beschreven voor 103 primiparae, onderzocht in 1993. Het blijkt dat leeftijd, quetelet index en rookgewoonten van de moeder belangrijke determinanten zijn van de gemeten OCV niveaus in moedermelk. De in dit onderzoek gevonden associaties met voeding zijn minder duidelijk en niet consistent voor de verschillende somparameters. (Voedings) adviezen op het niveau van het individu worden op grond van de huidige onderzoeksresultaten niet zinvol geacht. Teneinde de effectiviteit van het huidige beleid (brongerichte aanpak) te kunnen evalueren, is het wenselijk de gehalten in voeding als ook de niveaus in moedermelk de komende jaren te blijven monitoren.<br

[Contamination of mother's milk with polychlorinated organic compounds in the Netherlands, 1988.]

Exposure estimation of dioxins and furans for babies during the nursing period indicated levels above those acceptable as a lifelong daily dose. Nevertheless, mothers are still positively advised as to breastfeeding. The contamination levels of human milk are regularly being monitored to update this advice. In 1988 a survey on contaminants in human milk was carried out. Residues of polychlorinated organic compounds, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans were measured. Comparison of Dutch and foreign levels of polychlorinated organic compounds in mother's milk, learned that values were similar. Levels of PCBs were lower in the Netherlands compared to levels measured in the northern part of Belgium. Dioxin levels in Dutch mother's milk were in accordance with levels found in Belgian, German and English milk samples. The percentage of milkfat was positively associated with the concentration of polychlorinated organic compounds in mother's milk. Furthermore, a clearly negative association was found between the concentration of polychlorinated organic compounds and the total number of breastfed children or the cumulated lactation period. Traditional omnivorous diet was associated with higher concentrations of polychlorinated organic compounds when compared to all other types of diet. Fish consumption, postpregnancy Quetelet Index and maternal age were positively associated with concentrations of polychlorinated organic compounds. The associations described above are in accordance with prior knowledge on chemical behaviour and environmental distribution patterns of the polychlorinated organic compounds measured in this study. The known benefits of breastfeeding will probably outweigh possible adverse effects of milk contaminated with polychlorinated organic compounds.GHIHIGB/ Pieters JJ

Socio-economic consequences of rheumatoid arthritis in the first years of the disease

Objective. Few data have been presented to document the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on socio-economic well-being. In this study, exact figures on socio-economic consequences were assessed. Methods. The socio-economic consequences were studied in an inception cohort (186 early RA patients, mean disease duration 3 yr) by measuring the change in work capability, income, rest during the daytime, leisure time activity, transport mobility, housing and social support occurring in the first years of the disease. Results. For 89% of the patients, RA had an impact on one of the socio-economic items; for 58%, at least three of these items were affected simultaneously. Work disability appeared to be 4-15 times higher than in the general population. After 3 yr, 42% of the patients were registered as work disabled. Nearly a quarter of the patients experienced income reduction. Over 40% of the patients claimed extra rest during the daytime. Leisure activity changed towards activities with a lower joint load. There was a decline in transport mobility for 52% of the patients. Social support increased strongly. Conclusions. Socio-economic change already presents in the first years of RA and appears to be influenced by age, gender, marital status and work disability. Furthermore, physical limitation appeared to be predictive for work-related income reduction, reduced transport mobility and development of social dependency

Socio-economic consequences of rheumatoid arthritis in the first years of the disease

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