6,540 research outputs found
High Energy Bounds on Soft N=4 SYM Amplitudes from AdS/CFT
Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we study the high-energy behavior of
colorless dipole elastic scattering amplitudes in N=4 SYM gauge theory through
the Wilson loop correlator formalism and Euclidean to Minkowskian analytic
continuation. The purely elastic behavior obtained at large impact-parameter L,
through duality from disconnected AdS_5 minimal surfaces beyond the
Gross-Ooguri transition point, is combined with unitarity and analyticity
constraints in the central region. In this way we obtain an absolute bound on
the high-energy behavior of the forward scattering amplitude due to the
graviton interaction between minimal surfaces in the bulk. The dominant
"Pomeron" intercept is bounded by alpha less than or equal to 11/7 using the
AdS/CFT constraint of a weak gravitational field in the bulk. Assuming the
elastic eikonal approximation in a larger impact-parameter range gives alpha
between 4/3 and 11/7. The actual intercept becomes 4/3 if one assumes the
elastic eikonal approximation within its maximally allowed range L larger than
exp{Y/3}, where Y is the total rapidity. Subleading AdS/CFT contributions at
large impact-parameter due to the other d=10 supergravity fields are obtained.
A divergence in the real part of the tachyonic KK scalar is cured by
analyticity but signals the need for a theoretical completion of the AdS/CFT
scheme.Comment: 25 pages, 3 eps figure
From correlation functions to Wilson loops
We start with an n-point correlation function in a conformal gauge theory. We
show that a special limit produces a polygonal Wilson loop with sides. The
limit takes the points towards the vertices of a null polygonal Wilson loop
such that successive distances . This produces a fast moving
particle that generates a "frame" for the Wilson loop. We explain in detail how
the limit is approached, including some subtle effects from the propagation of
a fast moving particle in the full interacting theory. We perform perturbative
checks by doing explicit computations in N=4 super-Yang-Mills.Comment: 37 pages, 10 figures; typos corrected, references adde
Form Factors in N=4 Super Yang-Mills and Periodic Wilson Loops
We calculate form factors of half-BPS operators in N=4 super Yang-Mills
theory at tree level and one loop using novel applications of recursion
relations and unitarity. In particular, we determine the expression of the
one-loop form factors with two scalars and an arbitrary number of
positive-helicity gluons. These quantities resemble closely the MHV scattering
amplitudes, including holomorphicity of the tree-level form factor, and the
expansion in terms of two-mass easy box functions of the one-loop result. Next,
we compare our result for these form factors to the calculation of a particular
periodic Wilson loop at one loop, finding agreement. This suggests a novel
duality relating form factors to periodic Wilson loops.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures. v2: typos fixed, comments adde
Emergent Properties of Tumor Microenvironment in a Real-life Model of Multicell Tumor Spheroids
Multicellular tumor spheroids are an important {\it in vitro} model of the
pre-vascular phase of solid tumors, for sizes well below the diagnostic limit:
therefore a biophysical model of spheroids has the ability to shed light on the
internal workings and organization of tumors at a critical phase of their
development. To this end, we have developed a computer program that integrates
the behavior of individual cells and their interactions with other cells and
the surrounding environment. It is based on a quantitative description of
metabolism, growth, proliferation and death of single tumor cells, and on
equations that model biochemical and mechanical cell-cell and cell-environment
interactions. The program reproduces existing experimental data on spheroids,
and yields unique views of their microenvironment. Simulations show complex
internal flows and motions of nutrients, metabolites and cells, that are
otherwise unobservable with current experimental techniques, and give novel
clues on tumor development and strong hints for future therapies.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in PLOS One. The
published version contains links to a supplementary text and three video
file
Flexible, actin-based ridges colocalise with the β1 integrin on the surface of melanoma cells
Using a combination of laser-scanning confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we have identified flexible, actin-based structures on the surface of cells derived from the vertical growth phase of melanoma progression. These flexible structures, lacking on the surface of mature melanocytes, were observed on the surface of all four melanoma cell lines tested. Further investigation revealed that the β1 integrin colocalises with these actin-based ridges on the cell surface, whereas β1 integrin distribution in melanocytes did not correlate with actin-based structures. Fibronectin staining on the surface of melanoma cells was partially codistributed with the ridges. The combination of structural information derived from atomic force microscopy images and fluorescent imaging of the distribution of labelled proteins involved in invasion and metastasis has allowed us to identify a common feature that may be involved in disease progression, at the surface of vertical growth phase melanoma cells, despite the known variation in genetic composition of melanoma
Deep Inelastic Scattering in Conformal QCD
We consider the Regge limit of a CFT correlation function of two vector and
two scalar operators, as appropriate to study small-x deep inelastic scattering
in N=4 SYM or in QCD assuming approximate conformal symmetry. After clarifying
the nature of the Regge limit for a CFT correlator, we use its conformal
partial wave expansion to obtain an impact parameter representation encoding
the exchange of a spin j Reggeon for any value of the coupling constant. The
CFT impact parameter space is the three-dimensional hyperbolic space H3, which
is the impact parameter space for high energy scattering in the dual AdS space.
We determine the small-x structure functions associated to the exchange of a
Reggeon. We discuss unitarization from the point of view of scattering in AdS
and comment on the validity of the eikonal approximation.
We then focus on the weak coupling limit of the theory where the amplitude is
dominated by the exchange of the BFKL pomeron. Conformal invariance fixes the
form of the vector impact factor and its decomposition in transverse spin 0 and
spin 2 components. Our formalism reproduces exactly the general results predict
by the Regge theory, both for a scalar target and for gamma*-gamma* scattering.
We compute current impact factors for the specific examples of N=4 SYM and QCD,
obtaining very simple results. In the case of the R-current of N=4 SYM, we show
that the transverse spin 2 component vanishes. We conjecture that the impact
factors of all chiral primary operators of N=4 SYM only have components with 0
transverse spin.Comment: 44+16 pages, 7 figures. Some correction
Non-Global Logarithms in Filtered Jet Algorithms
We analytically and numerically study the effect of perturbative gluons
emission on the "Filtering analysis", which is part of a subjet analysis
procedure proposed two years ago to possibly identify a low-mass Higgs boson
decaying into b\bar{b} at the LHC. This leads us to examine the non-global
structure of the resulting perturbative series in the leading single-log
large-N_c approximation, including all-orders numerical results, simple
analytical approximations to them and comments on the structure of their series
expansion. We then use these results to semi-analytically optimize the
parameters of the Filtering analysis so as to suppress as much as possible the
effect of underlying event and pile-up on the Higgs mass peak reconstruction
while keeping the major part of the perturbative radiation from the b\bar{b}
dipole.Comment: 47 pages, 25 figures, 1 figure and a few comments added, version
accepted for publication in JHE
The Regge Limit for Green Functions in Conformal Field Theory
We define a Regge limit for off-shell Green functions in quantum field
theory, and study it in the particular case of conformal field theories (CFT).
Our limit differs from that defined in arXiv:0801.3002, the latter being only a
particular corner of the Regge regime. By studying the limit for free CFTs, we
are able to reproduce the Low-Nussinov, BFKL approach to the pomeron at weak
coupling. The dominance of Feynman graphs where only two high momentum lines
are exchanged in the t-channel, follows simply from the free field analysis. We
can then define the BFKL kernel in terms of the two point function of a simple
light-like bilocal operator. We also include a brief discussion of the gravity
dual predictions for the Regge limit at strong coupling.Comment: 23 pages 2 figures, v2: Clarification of relation of the Regge limit
defined here and previous work in CFT. Clarification of causal orderings in
the limit. References adde
Wilson-loop formalism for Reggeon exchange in soft high-energy scattering
We derive a nonperturbative expression for the non-vacuum,
qqbar-Reggeon-exchange contribution to the meson-meson elastic scattering
amplitude at high energy and low momentum transfer, in the framework of QCD.
Describing the mesons in terms of colourless qqbar dipoles, the problem is
reduced to the two-fermion-exchange contribution to the dipole-dipole
scattering amplitudes, which is expressed as a path integral, over the
trajectories of the exchanged fermions, of the expectation value of a certain
Wilson loop. We also show how the resulting expression can be reconstructed
from a corresponding quantity in the Euclidean theory, by means of analytic
continuation. Finally, we make contact with previous work on Reggeon exchange
in the gauge/gravity duality approach.Comment: A few misprints in the expressions for the relevant Wilson loops have
been corrected. 55 pages, 7 figure
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