Product Delivery and Simulation for Industry 4.0

Capitulo de libro internacionalAbstract Industry 4.0 is having machines working connected as a collaborative community, both inside and outside thewalls of themanufacturing sites. Manufacturing, sourcing, and delivery supply chains are nowconnected, making synchronization possible. Physical product delivery has changed significantly. Smart deliveries are now possible by directing end customer location in dynamic conditions. The capabilities of the delivery system can be simulated using discrete event simulation to compromise on-time delivery. Big data analytics are nowa fundamental tool for product delivery analysis of optimal vehicle routing conditions and resource allocation. As companies have improved product delivery capabilities, more complex supply chains have been created. Analytic tools can tackle this complexity in estimating delivery time and product delivery windows under different workload scenarios

Thymic regulatory T cell niche size is dictated by limiting IL-2 from antigen-bearing dendritic cells and feedback competition

The thymic production of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) requires interleukin 2 (IL-2) and agonist T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligands and is controlled by competition for a limited developmental niche, but the thymic sources of IL-2 and the factors that limit access to the niche are poorly understood. Here we found that IL-2 produced by antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) had a key role in Treg cell development and that existing Treg cells limited new development of Treg cells by competing for IL-2. Our data suggest that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can provide both IL-2 and a TCR ligand constitute the thymic niche and that competition by existing Treg cells for a limited supply of IL-2 provides negative feedback for new production of Treg cells