The Dualisation of Social Policies towards Young People in France: Between Familism and Activation

The mass expansion of higher education, the extension of the typical duration of studies and growing difficulties in entering the labour market have changed the transition from youth to adulthood. For these reasons some authors refer to youth as a ‘new age of life’ (Galland, 1993) or, in psychological terms, as ‘emerging adulthood’ (Arnett, 2000). In the literature on youth and the transition to adulthood, many typologies have been proposed in order to analyse the various possible institutional national arrangements that shape this transition (Breen and Buchmann, 2002; Van de Velde, 2008; Wallace and Bendit, 2009; Walther, 2006). They all rely on the seminal three-term typology of ‘welfare regimes’ developed by Esping-Andersen (Esping-Andersen, 1990) and further modified by Gallie and Paugam (Gallie and Paugam, 2000), who added a fourth type following the insights of Ferrera (Ferrera, 1996)

Treatment consideration and manifest complexity in comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders

Psychiatric disorders may co-occur in the same individual. These include, for example, substance abuse or obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizophrenia, and movement disorders or epilepsy with affective dysfunctional states. Medications may produce iatrogenic effects, for example cognitive impairments that co-occur with the residual symptoms of the primary disorder being treated. The observation of comorbid disorders in some cases may reflect diagnostic overlap. Impulsivity, impulsiveness or impulsive behaviour is implicated in a range of diagnostic conditions including substance abuse, affective disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These observations suggest a need to re-evaluate established diagnostic criteria and disorder definitions, focusing instead on symptoms and symptom-profiles