Relation between the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Impact Factors under Severe Surface Thermal Conditions

This paper reported a comprehensive analysis on the diurnal variation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in summer of Badain Jaran Desert and discussed deeply the effect of surface thermal to ABL, including the Difference in Surface-Air Temperature (DSAT), net radiation, and sensible heat, based on limited GPS radiosonde and surface observation data during two intense observation periods of experiments. The results showed that (1) affected by topography of the Tibetan Plateau, the climate provided favorable external conditions for the development of Convective Boundary Layer (CBL), (2) deep CBL showed a diurnal variation of three- to five-layer structure in clear days and five-layer ABL structure often occurred about sunset or sunrise, (3) the diurnal variation of DSAT influenced thickness of ABL through changes of turbulent heat flux, (4) integral value of sensible heat which rapidly converted by surface net radiation had a significant influence on the growth of CBL throughout daytime. The cumulative effect of thick RML dominated the role after CBL got through SBL in the development stage, especially in late summer, and (5) the development of CBL was promoted and accelerated by the variation of wind field and distribution of warm advection in high and low altitude

Mechanisms by Which Physical Activity Modulates the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway to Alleviate Anxiety-like Depression

This study aimed to explore the effect of treadmill exercise on anxiety in rats. Thirty SPF male rats aged 2 months with a body mass of (225±25) g were randomly divided into control group (CG, n=10), chronic sleep deprivation group (CSD, n=10) and sleep deprivation exercise group (CSD+E, n=10) after adaptive feeding for 1 week. The CSD model of rats in CSD group and CSD+E group was made by multi platform water environment method. Sleep deprivation of 18 h per day (from 12:00 pm. to 6:00 am. the next day) for 8 weeks. The effect of running on the anxiety-like behaviour of CSD rats was examined in the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) experiment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, RT-qPCR and other methods were used to detect the effects of treadmill exercise on the morphology of hippocampus, apoptosis related factors caspase-12, Bax, Bcl-1, inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-a), Wnt β- catenin, p- β-catenin. The results of HE staining showed that the brain tissue of the control rats was structurally intact, with thick layers of cone cells, relatively dense, neatly arranged and compact, the cell edge structures were intact and clearly visible, with no obvious abnormal changes. The cone cell layer of brain tissue in the chronic sleep deprivation group was thin, with relatively low cell density, disorganized and sparse arrangement, and blurred cell edges. The symptoms of the above pathological changes in brain tissue of rats in sleep deprivation exercise group gradually alleviated. OFT results showed that compared with CG group, the number of activities in the central region of CSD group was significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the total distance of exercise was significantly shortened (P<0.01). EPM results showed that compared with CG group, OT and CE in CSD group decreased significantly (P<0.01). CCK-8 results showed that compared with CG group, the activity of neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in CSD group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while that in CSD+E group was significantly increased (P<0.01); Annexin V/PI flow cytometry results showed that compared with CG group, the apoptosis of neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in CSD group increased (P<0.01), and that in CSD+E group decreased significantly (P<0.01);Western blot results showed that caspase-12, Bax, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-a were highly expressed and Bcl-1 was lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group compared with the CG group (P<0.01), Wnt, β-catenin and p-β-catenin were lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group, and Gsk-3βprotein expression was significantly higher (p<0.01). The results of RT-qPCR showed that caspase-12 mRNA, Bax mRNA, IL-6 mRNA, TNF-a mRNA and IL-1β mRNA were highly expressed and Bcl-1 mRNA was lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group compared with the CG group (P<0.01). Compared with the CG group, Wnt mRNA and β-catenin mRNA were significantly lowly expressed and Gsk-3βmRNA was significantly highly expressed in hippocampal tissue of CSD rats (P<0.01). Our findings indicated that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improved anxiety-like depression in CSD rats by increasing neuronal activity, inhibiting apoptosis, reducing the inflammatory response and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Uber die Welch-Fraenkelschen Bazillen und ihre Verwandten im Darmkanal

Der Welch-Fraenkelsche Bazillus, der sich als ein Bodenbakterium weit im Boden verbreitet, ist obligater Anaerobier, und bekannt als Erreger des Gasoedems, welches eine chirurgisch und insbesonders kriegschirurgisch wichtige Wundinfektionskrankheit ist. Die Tatsache, dass dieses Stabchen nicht nur aus dem Boden, sondern auch aus menschlichem Darm gezuchtet wird, hat viele Autoren schon bisweilen beschaftigt. Dieser Bazillus ist Gram-positiv, gross und kraftig, abgerundet, unbeweglich und sporuliert nicht im gewohnlichen Nahrboden. Die Milch wurde sturmisch mit Gasbildung vergoren. Schon nach 20 Stunden schwamm das Kasein deutlich geschieden in truber, immer klarer werdender Molke. Die Kaseingerinnsel wurden ferner nicht wieder durch Peptonisierung gelost, noch kam es nach dem leicht sauerlich bleibenden Geruch zu Eiweissfaulniss. Die oben beschriebene Eigenschaft, die sog. Sturmische Gerinnung , ist charakteristisches Merkmal zur Diagnose-stellung des Welch-Fraenkelschen Bazillus. Der Verfasser hat aus 172 Faeces der Menschen 244 Stamme der Welch-Fraenkelschen Bazillen und 39 ahnliche Stamme, die von erstem Bazillus deutlich voneinander in Eigenstumlichkeit abweicht gezuchtet; d. h. dem Letzteren fehlt die sturmische Gerinnung. Diesen Bazillus nennt der Verfasser einen Verwandten der Welch-Fraenkelschen Bazillen , und vergleicht dieses Stabchen morphologisch und biologisch mit den Welch-Fraenkelschen Bazillen, welche er aus menschlichen Faeces und klassischem Gasoedem isoliert hat. Morphologie: Die Verwandten sind ebenso mit abgerundetem Ende 0.8-1.0μ breit, 4.0-1.0μ, nicht haufig 15μ in der Lange, zuweilen leicht gekrummt, und werden zarter als Welch-Fraenkelche Bazillen beobachtet. Sporen und Kapseln: Nicht nur in gewohnlichen Nahrboden, sondern auch in den alkalischen-, natriumphosphathaltigen Nahrsubstraten und im Hirnbrei nahm der Verfasser keine Sporen oder Kapseln wahr. Aber nur bei aus Gasoedem gezuchtetem Stamm beobachtete er beide im spezifischen antiserumhaltigen Nahrboden. Kolonientypen: Auf d

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Existence of solutions to boundary value problem of fractional differential equations with impulsive

In order to solve the boundary value problem of fractional impulsive differential equations with countable impulses and integral boundary conditions on the half line, the existence of solutions to the boundary problem is specifically studied. By defining suitable Banach spaces, norms and operators, using the properties of fractional calculus and applying the contraction mapping principle and Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem, the existence of solutions for the boundary value problem of fractional impulsive differential equations with countable impulses and integral boundary conditions on the half line is proved, and examples are given to illustrate the existence of solutions to this kind of equation boundary value problems

Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms do not play a significant role in pain perception in male Chinese Han population

Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms do not play a significant role in pain perception in male Chinese Han population. PhysiolGenomics 44: 318&ndash;328, 2012. First published January 17, 2012; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00162.2011.&mdash;Polymorphisms in the human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene have been widely studied for their role in pain and analgesia. In this study, sensitivity to potassium iontophoresis, visual analog scale measurements for fixed twofold pain threshold stimulation and pain threshold changes induced by transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) were assessed in a population of healthy Chinese males. These results were correlated with the alleles of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or diplotypes of common haplotypes designated as low pain sensitive, average pain sensitive, and high pain sensitive in the COMT gene of these subjects. Our results reveal that the alleles of each SNP are not significantly correlated with pain perception except for the rs4633 allele in the 2 Hz TEAS session (P _ 0.05). In addition, the six diplotypes of COMT haplotypes, which cover 92.5% of the Chinese population, are also not correlated with pain perception. Moreover, there were no significant differences in pain threshold changes induced by 2 and 100 Hz TEAS among the diplotypes of each SNP or the various haplotypes. These results suggest that COMT activity do not play a significant role in pain perception and TEAS-induced analgesia in the Chinese Han male population.</p

Mechanisms by Which Physical Activity Modulates the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway to Alleviate Anxiety-like Depression

This study aimed to explore the effect of treadmill exercise on anxiety in rats. Thirty SPF male rats aged 2 months with a body mass of (225±25) g were randomly divided into control group (CG, n=10), chronic sleep deprivation group (CSD, n=10) and sleep deprivation exercise group (CSD+E, n=10) after adaptive feeding for 1 week. The CSD model of rats in CSD group and CSD+E group was made by multi platform water environment method. Sleep deprivation of 18 h per day (from 12:00 pm. to 6:00 am. the next day) for 8 weeks. The effect of running on the anxiety-like behaviour of CSD rats was examined in the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) experiment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, RT-qPCR and other methods were used to detect the effects of treadmill exercise on the morphology of hippocampus, apoptosis related factors caspase-12, Bax, Bcl-1, inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-a), Wnt β- catenin, p- β-catenin. The results of HE staining showed that the brain tissue of the control rats was structurally intact, with thick layers of cone cells, relatively dense, neatly arranged and compact, the cell edge structures were intact and clearly visible, with no obvious abnormal changes. The cone cell layer of brain tissue in the chronic sleep deprivation group was thin, with relatively low cell density, disorganized and sparse arrangement, and blurred cell edges. The symptoms of the above pathological changes in brain tissue of rats in sleep deprivation exercise group gradually alleviated. OFT results showed that compared with CG group, the number of activities in the central region of CSD group was significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the total distance of exercise was significantly shortened (P<0.01). EPM results showed that compared with CG group, OT and CE in CSD group decreased significantly (P<0.01). CCK-8 results showed that compared with CG group, the activity of neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in CSD group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while that in CSD+E group was significantly increased (P<0.01); Annexin V/PI flow cytometry results showed that compared with CG group, the apoptosis of neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in CSD group increased (P<0.01), and that in CSD+E group decreased significantly (P<0.01);Western blot results showed that caspase-12, Bax, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-a were highly expressed and Bcl-1 was lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group compared with the CG group (P<0.01), Wnt, β-catenin and p-β-catenin were lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group, and Gsk-3βprotein expression was significantly higher (p<0.01). The results of RT-qPCR showed that caspase-12 mRNA, Bax mRNA, IL-6 mRNA, TNF-a mRNA and IL-1β mRNA were highly expressed and Bcl-1 mRNA was lowly expressed in hippocampal tissues of rats in the CSD group compared with the CG group (P<0.01). Compared with the CG group, Wnt mRNA and β-catenin mRNA were significantly lowly expressed and Gsk-3βmRNA was significantly highly expressed in hippocampal tissue of CSD rats (P<0.01). Our findings indicated that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improved anxiety-like depression in CSD rats by increasing neuronal activity, inhibiting apoptosis, reducing the inflammatory response and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway