Issues concerning Citizenization Cost Sharing of the Population Transferred from Agriculture: A Case Study of Chongqing

The citizenization of the population transferred from agriculture is an inevitable process for Chinese social transformation, and one of the core issues in the course of new urbanization. The core problem in citizenization of the population transferred from agriculture lies in cost. Taking Chongqing as an example, this paper calculates the total citizenization cost to be 125038.7 yuan for the population transferred from agriculture. Through field survey and research, this paper analyzes the current situation of citizenization cost sharing of the population transferred from agriculture in Chongqing, points out some problems in cost sharing such as inadequate governmental financial capacity, absence of business and lack of personal affordability, and finally brings forward the corresponding policy recommendations

Levelized cost of electricity for photovoltaic/biogas power plant hybrid system with electrical energy storage degradation costs

Off-grid renewable energy system is a critical infrastructure in providing electrical power for small communities, especially in remote and rural areas where grid connection points are not available. Due to the diurnal and intermittent nature of solar irradiance, the photovoltaic (PV) power plant can introduce generation and load power imbalance issue. Anaerobic digestion biogas power plant (AD) also has a part-load operation constraint that needs to be met. To overcome these issues, electrical energy storage (EES) such as Graphite/LiCoO2 needs to be employed to provide generation flexibility. The research work provided in this paper is twofold. An optimal operating regime is devised for the PV-AD-EES hybrid system, followed by a study on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Degradation cost per kWh and degradation cost per cycle for EES are considered. 22 years (1994–2015) of irradiance data for Turkwel Gorge Dam, Kenya (1.90°N, 35.34°E) and the Kenya national load are used for the study. With the current technology costs and a discount rate at 8%, it is shown that the capital cost for LiCoO2 needs to be reduced to 200 $/kWh to be economically competitive with dispatchable source such as AD biogas power plant by considering the EES degradation costs