Composition and antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis Schauer

In this study, the oil constituents of Lippia gracilis were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant and antifungal activities were also evaluated. The leaf oil showed a yield of 3.7% and its main constituents were thymol (70.3%), p-cymene (9.2%), thymol methyl ether (5.4%) and p-methoxythymol (2.7%). The thin stem oil showed a yield of 0.4% and its major components were thymol (70.1%), thymol methyl ether (4.4%), p-methoxythymol (4.0%), p-cymene (3.8%), α-humulene (2.4%) and (E)-caryophyllene (2.1%). The aromatic monoterpenes found in the oils showed an average of 88%. The scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) for the leaf oil, expressed as half maximal effective concentration (EC50), was 35.7±3.3 µg/ml, indicating high antioxidant activity. The evaluation of fungicide activity for the leaf oil, using direct bioautography, showed also a significant value for lethal concentration (LC50 5.0 μg/ml) against Cladosporium sphaerospermum and C. cladosporioides fungi. Keywords: Essential oil composition, thymol and carvacrol, DPPH radical scavenging and bioautographyAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 13(30) 3107-311

Asma e fatores associados em adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil Asthma and associated factors in students 13 and 14 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de asma e fatores associados em estudantes de 13 e 14 anos do Município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo transversal utilizando o questionário do ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) e questionário complementar, entre julho de 2008 e maio de 2009 com 3.069 adolescentes. A prevalência de asma (sibilos nos últimos 12 meses) foi de 12,7%, sendo que 32,4% apresentaram sibilos alguma vez na vida, 3,9% tinham dificuldade de fala por causa de sibilos e 9,8% relataram sibilos após exercícios físicos. Na análise multivariada, os fatores associados à maior prevalência de asma foram história familiar de asma, infecção respiratória e sibilos no início da vida, eczema, tabagismo passivo e rinite alérgica. A prevalência de asma encontrada foi inferior à brasileira. Os fatores mais associados com a prevalência de asma foram história familiar de asma (RP = 3,86), sibilos no início da vida (RP = 4,58) e rinite alérgica (RP = 3,21).<br>The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of asthma and associated factors among students 13 and 14 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the questionnaire developed by ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and an additional questionnaire from July 2008 to May 2009, including 3,069 adolescents. Asthma prevalence (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 12.7%, lifetime prevalence was 32.4%, 3.9% reported difficulty speaking due to wheezing, and 9.8% reported wheezing after exercise. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased asthma prevalence were family history of asthma, respiratory infection and wheezing in early life, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and passive smoking. Asthma prevalence was lower than for Brazil as a whole. Factors most strongly associated with asthma prevalence in these adolescents were family history of asthma (PR = 3.86), wheezing in early childhood (PR = 4.58), and allergic rhinitis (PR = 3.21)