76 research outputs found
Recognizing Speech in a Novel Accent: The Motor Theory of Speech Perception Reframed
The motor theory of speech perception holds that we perceive the speech of
another in terms of a motor representation of that speech. However, when we
have learned to recognize a foreign accent, it seems plausible that recognition
of a word rarely involves reconstruction of the speech gestures of the speaker
rather than the listener. To better assess the motor theory and this
observation, we proceed in three stages. Part 1 places the motor theory of
speech perception in a larger framework based on our earlier models of the
adaptive formation of mirror neurons for grasping, and for viewing extensions
of that mirror system as part of a larger system for neuro-linguistic
processing, augmented by the present consideration of recognizing speech in a
novel accent. Part 2 then offers a novel computational model of how a listener
comes to understand the speech of someone speaking the listener's native
language with a foreign accent. The core tenet of the model is that the
listener uses hypotheses about the word the speaker is currently uttering to
update probabilities linking the sound produced by the speaker to phonemes in
the native language repertoire of the listener. This, on average, improves the
recognition of later words. This model is neutral regarding the nature of the
representations it uses (motor vs. auditory). It serve as a reference point for
the discussion in Part 3, which proposes a dual-stream neuro-linguistic
architecture to revisits claims for and against the motor theory of speech
perception and the relevance of mirror neurons, and extracts some implications
for the reframing of the motor theory
Planet formation in Binaries
Spurred by the discovery of numerous exoplanets in multiple systems, binaries
have become in recent years one of the main topics in planet formation
research. Numerous studies have investigated to what extent the presence of a
stellar companion can affect the planet formation process. Such studies have
implications that can reach beyond the sole context of binaries, as they allow
to test certain aspects of the planet formation scenario by submitting them to
extreme environments. We review here the current understanding on this complex
problem. We show in particular how each of the different stages of the
planet-formation process is affected differently by binary perturbations. We
focus especially on the intermediate stage of kilometre-sized planetesimal
accretion, which has proven to be the most sensitive to binarity and for which
the presence of some exoplanets observed in tight binaries is difficult to
explain by in-situ formation following the "standard" planet-formation
scenario. Some tentative solutions to this apparent paradox are presented. The
last part of our review presents a thorough description of the problem of
planet habitability, for which the binary environment creates a complex
situation because of the presence of two irradation sources of varying
distance.Comment: Review chapter to appear in "Planetary Exploration and Science:
Recent Advances and Applications", eds. S. Jin, N. Haghighipour, W.-H. Ip,
Springer (v2, numerous typos corrected
Spontaneous Voice Gender Imitation Abilities in Adult Speakers
Background
The frequency components of the human voice play a major role in signalling the gender of the speaker. A voice imitation study was conducted to investigate individuals' ability to make behavioural adjustments to fundamental frequency (F0), and formants (Fi) in order to manipulate their expression of voice gender.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Thirty-two native British-English adult speakers were asked to read out loud different types of text (words, sentence, passage) using their normal voice and then while sounding as ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ as possible. Overall, the results show that both men and women raised their F0 and Fi when feminising their voice, and lowered their F0 and Fi when masculinising their voice.
Conclusions/Significance
These observations suggest that adult speakers are capable of spontaneous glottal and vocal tract length adjustments to express masculinity and femininity in their voice. These results point to a “gender code”, where speakers make a conventionalized use of the existing sex dimorphism to vary the expression of their gender and gender-related attributes
Phonological representation: beyond abstract versus episodic
Phonological representations capture information about individual word forms and about the general characteristics of word forms in a language. To support the processing of novel word forms as well as familiar word forms in novel contexts, an abstract level of representation is needed in which many phonetic details and contextual features are disregarded. At the same time, evidence has accumulated that such details are retained in memory and used in processing individual words and indexical features of language. Taken together, these results mean that a hybrid model of phonological representation is needed. The abstract level supports generalizations based on lexical type statistics and fast adaptation to communicative requirements through the reuse of existing categories. A richly detailed level of representation is implicated in word-specific phonetic patterns, the detailed dynamics of regular sound changes, and active associations of phonetic patterns with gender, age, and dialect
Synthesizing intonation
This paper describes a computer program for synthesizing fundamental frequency (F0) contours for English, and sketches the theory which underlies it. The F0 contour is described as a series of targets within an envelope specifying F0 range; the F0 contour between targets is computed by transition rules. The use of nonmonotonic transitions permits a sparser specification of the contour than has been possible in most previous frameworks. The program generates a good synthesis of neutral declarative intonation. Unlike most previous F0 synthesis programs, it can also be used to synthesize a variety of non‐neutral intonation patterns
Phonological representation: beyond abstract versus episodic
Phonological representations capture information about individual word forms and about the general characteristics of word forms in a language. To support the processing of novel word forms as well as familiar word forms in novel contexts, an abstract level of representation is needed in which many phonetic details and contextual features are disregarded. At the same time, evidence has accumulated that such details are retained in memory and used in processing individual words and indexical features of language. Taken together, these results mean that a hybrid model of phonological representation is needed. The abstract level supports generalizations based on lexical type statistics and fast adaptation to communicative requirements through the reuse of existing categories. A richly detailed level of representation is implicated in word-specific phonetic patterns, the detailed dynamics of regular sound changes, and active associations of phonetic patterns with gender, age, and dialect
Synthesizing intonation
This paper describes a computer program for synthesizing fundamental frequency (F0) contours for English, and sketches the theory which underlies it. The F0 contour is described as a series of targets within an envelope specifying F0 range; the F0 contour between targets is computed by transition rules. The use of nonmonotonic transitions permits a sparser specification of the contour than has been possible in most previous frameworks. The program generates a good synthesis of neutral declarative intonation. Unlike most previous F0 synthesis programs, it can also be used to synthesize a variety of non‐neutral intonation patterns
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