EFFECT OF MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS EXTRACTS ON EFFLUX PUMP IN FUNGAL STRAINS

Objective: To study the efflux pump inhibition activity of Mucunacochinchinensis extracts Methods: Sensitivity assay was performed by Kirby Bauer technique. Effluxing ability of microbe was done by accretion, accumulation and efflux pump assays. Results: Resistant fungal strains were subjected to efflux ability studies. Maximum effluxing ability was determined from the experimental data and it was found to be 105 min and 75 min by Candida albicans for methanolic extract of M. cochinchinenesis (MMC) and ethanolic extract of M. cochinchinensis (EMC) respectively and 45 min and 105 min by Aspergillus niger for MMC and EMC respectively. Profound synergistic effect of inhibition was observed with combined MMC and standard Clotrimoxazole when compared to the standard alone; against C. albicansindicates the modulating efficacy of MMC. Conclusion: M. cochinchinensis extracts showed efflux pump modulating activity

Parameter Optimization of the CNC Wire-Cut EDM Process for Machining Aluminium 6063-B4C Metal Matrix Composites

In the competitive manufacturing environment, conventional monolithic materials cannot compete with composite materials in the ever growing market because of their inherent limitations. Consequently, composite materials are preferred globally in major industries. CNC wire-cut electrical discharge machining is one of the non-traditional machining (NTM) processes, which are used to cut ferrous and non-ferrous metals with properties ranging from low hardness to high hardness and especially to cut high hardness materials and complicated profiles and shapes of all engineering and aerodynamic products. The process parameter setting is critical in the wire-cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) as it has a direct impact on performance characteristics. This paper addresses the preparation of aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) and the optimization of the WEDM process parameters for machining AMMCs to improve the key performance characteristics, namely the metal removal rate (MRR), the surface roughness (SR), and the kerf width (KW). The optimization of the WEDM process parameters is multi-objective in nature. The prime objective of this study was to obtain optimal WEDM process parameters for machining AMMCs with the maximum MRR and the minimum SR and KW. The grey-based Taguchi method was applied to choose an optimal parameter combination to achieve the above said performance characteristics. AMMCs with the base metal Al6063 and the reinforcement of boron carbide (B4C) in three different percentages (3%, 6% and 9%) were obtained by using the stir casting method. WEDM experiments were conducted and the optimal process parameters were found to be as follows: servo voltage (SV)-26V, pulse on time (Ton)-122µs, pulse off time (Toff)-52 µs, B4C-6%, wire feed-3 m/min, and wire tension-49.05N. The key findings from this study reveal that the MRR was increased from 35.759 mm3/min to 42.229 mm3/min, the SR decreased from 4.500µm to 4.382µm and the KW decreased from 371 micron to 364 micron

A REVIEW ON GREEN-SYNTHESIS OF CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: FOCUS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

Green Synthesized Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have sparked a lot of interest in numerous disciplines of science and Technology during the past decade. A wide range of biological resources has been employed in synthesizing CeO2NPs, including plants, microorganisms, and other biological products. Biosynthesis procedures, current knowledge, and prospects in the synthesis of Green synthesis of CeO2NPs are also discussed. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as aging, trauma, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and other neurological problems, are linked to higher oxidative stress and superoxide radicals generation. Cerium oxide nanoparticles' antioxidant properties suggest that they may be useful in the treatment of CNS diseases. The biological antioxidant benefits of cerium oxide nanoparticles on extending cell and organism lifespan, preventing a free radical attack, and preventing trauma-induced neurological damage are discussed in this section. CeO2NPs, an aspect of nanotechnology, would emerge as a novel drug delivery carrier through therapeutic strategies. In several diseases oxidative stress and inflammation. CeO2NPs exhibited a remarkable ability to switch between+3 and+4 oxidation states making this an efficient therapeutic option and an effective drug delivery agent. Further Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The overall goal of this study is to provide reasonable insight into CeO2NPs as new therapeutic agents and to solve the challenges, of safely and effectively employing these CeO2NPs for efficient management of Central Nervous System diseases

Comparative Osteology Study of Ariid Catfishes along the Coast of Gulf of Mannar and Wadge Bank, Tamil Nadu

Taxonomic ambiguity still exists in ariid catfish species identification. Morphological similarities occur in ariid catfishes which lead to misidentification of the species. To overcome this taxonomic ambiguity osteology is one of the effective integrated taxonomic tools for species discrimination. From this study, we provide an osteotaxonomic key for the field identification of ariid catfish species.The present paper deals with a comparative study of the five Ariidae family species discussed, they are Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822), Plicofollis layardi (Gunther, 1866), Netuma thalassina (Ruppell, 1837), Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes, 1840) and Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758). The osteological portions used for this study like premaxillary, dentary, neurocranium, otolith, vertebral and caudal bone. The aforementioned osteological portions made the important primitive characters that will be used to differentiate the species

Impact of Climate Change on Pest Biology, Behaviour and Their Distributions

Increased temperatures, rising CO2 levels, and changing precipitation patterns are influencing agricultural production. These changes can lead to the expansion of insect pests geographic distribution, increased survival during overwintering, more generations per year, altered synchrony with plants, changed interspecific interactions, higher risk of invasion by migratory pests, increased incidence of insect-transmitted plant diseases, and reduced effectiveness of biological control. There is a serious risk of economic losses in crop production. Human food security is challenged due to potential disruptions in agricultural systems. Climate change necessitates adaptive management strategies to address evolving pest dynamics. Future research should focus on developing modified integrated pest management tactics to cope with changing pest statuses. Monitoring climate and pest populations is crucial for understanding and predicting the impact of climate change on insect pests. This review examines the climate change effect on insect pest biology and behavior and explores the potential use of modern pest monitoring technologies, modeling prediction tools can aid in forecasting and planning for potential pest outbreaks. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches should be adapted to incorporate the changing dynamics influenced by climate change. This may involve a combination of chemical, biological, cultural, and mechanical control methods

Studies on Physico-Chemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Olanzapine through Nanosuspension

The increasing frequency of poorly water soluble new chemical entities exhibiting therapeutic activity is of major concern to the pharmaceutical industry. Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic used orally in treatment of Schizophrenia. Also, it has poor aqueous solubility (BCS Class II drug) whose oral bioavailability has been reported as only 40%. In this study olanzapine nanosuspension was prepared using Solvent diffusion followed by sonication technique. The nanosuspension was characterized for particle size distribution, poly dispersity index, zeta potential, crystallinity study (DSC), invitro dissolution release profile and pharmacokinetic studies. Average size of the nanoparticles in F6 was 122.2nm. Saturation solubility of optimized batch of nanosuspension and the plain drug were found to be 2851.3±6.3 μg/ml and 251.3 ±6.1 μg/ml, respectively. In vitro cumulative release from the nanosuspension was 83.54 % at 45 min when compared to pure drug 22.91 % and freeze dried nanosuspension 92.67%. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that AUC (0–∞) was increased and clearance was decreased when Olanzapine nanosuspensions were administered orally compared with that of Olanzapine suspension which in turn 2 folds increased bioavailability. The enhanced relative bioavailability by the formulation might be attributed to oral bioavailability can be attributed to the adhesiveness of the drug nanosuspension, increased surface area (due to reduction in particle size), increased saturation solubility, leading to an increased concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal tract lumen and blood, and increased dissolution velocity. This enhancement in bioavailability will lead to a subsequent reduction in drug dose, rendering the therapy cost-effective and obliterating any undue drug dumping in the body.Thus, Nanosuspension seems to be a promising approac

FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROXYUREA LOADED NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT FOR THE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF OVARIAN CANCER

Objective: Ovarian cancer is the most deadly cancer in women, ranking fourth among all fatal diseases in women. Conventional chemotherapy has its own plethora of challenges, such as side effects and disease relapse. Hydroxyurea is a type of anticancer drug that is commonly used to treat malignancies. This study aims to develop and optimize hydroxyurea nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to improve the therapeutic index and reduce its side effects in the effective treatment of OC. Methods: NLCs were prepared by microemulsion technique. They were prepared and optimized using the design of experiment for particle size and drug entrapment efficiency. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, in vitro release, and stability were all examined in the optimized formulation. Results: The results showed that the particle size of the NLCs was in the range of 224 nm to 634 nm. The drug entrapment efficiency of the NLCs was in the range of 46.33 % to 70.43 %. The optimized NLCs had a particle size of 237 nm, a polydispersity index of 26.9%, and zeta potential of -29.7 mV. These NLCs were spherical, showed in vitro drug release of 92.21% up to 48 h, and were found to be stable from the stability studies. Conclusion: This approach could be used as a better drug delivery platform to improve the drug's therapeutic index, reduce its side effects, and be feasible in the effective management of ovarian cancer