Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data

This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability—for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Remains of 18th–19th Century Slaves, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) lauren_jaeger_etal_IOC_2103.pdf: 356477 bytes, checksum: c33fa50ade04ad9544341529bef7680e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Instituto de Arqueologia Brasileira. Belford Roxo, RJ, Brasil..Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Nineteenth century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was marked by increased illness and deaths from tuberculosis (TB). By the twentieth century, it was still believed that most TB cases in the Americas originated from Europe; the “virgin soil” hypothesis for African (1) and Amerindian populations was accepted. However, modern and archeological DNA evidence confirms the wide distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and TB in the Old and New Worlds. Rio de Janeiro was a main entry port for millions of Africans captured for the slave trade. Pretos Novos (New Blacks) Cemetery (PNC; 1769–1830) was created in Rio de Janeiro as a burial ground for the many slaves who died at market. Comingled bone fragments (≈5,000) from ≈30 persons were recovered at PNC; most bones were broken and had been exposed to fire (2,3). Bioanthropological analysis determined most of the bones were from men 18–25 years of age (2); none had lesions consistent with TB...

Infections with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar as Hidden and Prevalent Conditions in Periurban Communities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This study aims to assess the prevalence, distribution, and etiological profile of intestinal parasitism in children living in periurban areas in Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A community-based cross-sectional survey (n = 479) was carried out. Prevalence of infection with G. duodenalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar was 8.6% (n = 41) and 13.4% (n = 64), respectively. Infection with G. duodenalis was significantly more frequent among children living in poor families (24/187 (12.8%) vs. 16/272 (5.9%); prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19–3.99; p=0.011). This difference was also significant for infection with any pathogenic parasite (43/187 (23%) vs. 40/272 (14/7%); PR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.06–2.30; p=0.026). In addition, people residing in houses with more than four inhabitants showed significantly higher positivity for infections with G. duodenalis and with E. histolytica/E. dispar (22/138 (15.9%) vs. 16/311 (5.1%); PR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.68–5.71; p<0.001 for G. duodenalis and 32/138 (23.2%) vs. 30/311 (9.6%); PR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.52–3.79; p<0.001 for E. histolytica/E. dispar). Laboratory diagnosis of protozoan enteric infections and effective drugs for their treatment are unmet goals in the primary health care system. Therefore, giardiasis and amebiasis are neglected conditions

Spatial and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia intestinalis Deep in the Amazon, Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-02-09T15:39:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 1599651 bytes, checksum: c6fe43adb7c313b98638c98b7590e84e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2017-02-09T15:46:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 1599651 bytes, checksum: c6fe43adb7c313b98638c98b7590e84e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T15:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 beatriz_nunes_etal_IOC_2016.pdf: 1599651 bytes, checksum: c6fe43adb7c313b98638c98b7590e84e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Terezina, PI, Brasil.Current control policies for intestinal parasitosis focuses on soil-transmitted helminths, being ineffective against Giardia intestinalis, a highly prevalent protozoon that impacts children's nutritional status in developing countries. The objective of this study was to explore spatial and molecular epidemiology of Giardia intestinalis in children of Amerindian descent in the Brazilian Amazon