Breast cancer risk factors and survival by tumor subtype: pooled analyses from the breast cancer association consortium

Background: It is not known whether modifiable lifestyle factors that predict survival after invasive breast cancer differ by subtype.Methods: We analyzed data for 121,435 women diagnosed with breast cancer from 67 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium with 16,890 deaths (8,554 breast cancer specific) over 10 years. Cox regression was used to estimate associations between risk factors and 10-year all-cause mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality overall, by estrogen receptor (ER) status, and by intrinsic-like subtype.Results: There was no evidence of heterogeneous associations between risk factors and mortality by subtype (P-adj > 0.30). The strongest associations were between all-cause mortality and BMI >= 30 versus 18.5-25 kg/m(2) [HR (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19 (1.06-1.34)]; current versus never smoking [1.37 (1.27-1.47)], high versus low physical activity [0.43 (0.21-0.86)], age >= 30 years versus 0-= 10 years since last full-term birth [1.31 (1.11-1.55)]; ever versus never use of oral contraceptives [0.91 (0.87-0.96)]; ever versus never use of menopausal hormone therapy, including current estrogen-progestin therapy [0.61 (0.54-0.69)]. Similar associations with breast cancer mortality were weaker; for example, 1.11 (1.02-1.21) for current versus never smoking.Conclusions: We confirm associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and 10-year all-cause mortality. There was no strong evidence that associations differed by ER status or intrinsic-like subtype.Impact: Given the large dataset and lack of evidence that associations between modifiable risk factors and 10-year mortality differed by subtype, these associations could be cautiously used in prognostication models to inform patient-centered care.Surgical oncolog

CHEMOMECHANICAL EFFECTS IN ZnO

Un travail antérieur a montré que des milieux à surface active, pouvaient influencer la dureté de solides non-métalliques tels que le chlorure d'argent, l'oxide de magnésium, l'alumine, le quartz et les verres Na2O-CaO. Un maximum de dureté apparaît spécifiquement, quand le potentiel ζ de ces solides est nul. On a attribué à cette "corrélation-ζ", la signification que la charge de la surface pouvait influencer de façon importance la dureté. Afin d'examiner directement cette possibilité, on a donc mesuré, dans une cellule électrolytique, la micro dureté et la taille des rosaces de dislocation sur les surfaces (0001) et {1010} de l'oxyde de zinc, en fonction du potentiel appliqué du pH de 1'électrolyte et du temps, chacun de ces facteurs modifiant l'état de surface. Les résultats indiquent qu'un maximum de dureté apparaît, pour les deux surfaces d'oxyde de zinc, non pas quand la charge de la surface est nulle (comme on s'y attendait) mais plutôt quand elle est légèrement positive (courbure de la bande vers le bas). Comme les interprétations antérieures de la cause de la "corrélation-ζ" apparaissent maintenant inappropriées pour ZnO, on propose un autre mécanisme mettant en jeu un échange de charges au voisinage des dislocations en mouvement, entre les niveaux donneurs et la bande de conduction.Past work has shown that surface-active environments can influence the hardness of such non-metallic solids as silver chloride, magnesium oxide, alumina, quartz, and soda-lime glass. Specifically, a maximum in hardness occurs when the ζ-potential of these solids is zero. This "ζ-correlation" has been taken to imply that surface charge can markedly influence hardness. To examine this possibility directly, therefore, the microhardness and size of dislocation rosettes on the (0001) and {1010} surfaces on ZnO were measured as a function of applied potential, electrolyte pH, and time in an electrolytic cell -- all of which alter surface charge. The results indicate that, for both ZnO surfaces, a maximum in hardness is produced not when the surface charge is zero -- as expected -- but rather when the surface is slightly positively charged (downward band bending). Since earlier interpretations of the cause of the "ζ- correlation" now appear to be inappropriate for ZnO, an alternative mechanism involving charge exchange between donor levels and the conduction band near moving dislocations is suggested