Analysis of the Effect of District / City Minimum Wage and Labor Force Participation Rate on the Open Unemployment Rate of North Sumatra Province in 2021-2022

Open unemployment is still a major economic problem in North Sumatra Province. This study aims to analyze the effect of Regency / City Minimum Wage, Labor Force Participation Rate, and Gross Regional Domestic Product on the Open Unemployment Rate in North Sumatra Province in 2021-2022. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the North Sumatra Province Statistics Agency. The results showed that there was a simultaneous significant influence between the three independent variables, namely district / city minimum wage, labor force participation rate, and gross regional domestic product on the dependent variable, namely the open unemployment rate = 0.1641 − 0.6942 − 0.032 + 0.424. The simultaneous effect is 57.6% and the remaining 42.4% is explained by other variables not included in the study

Application of Pathway Analysis Factors Affecting the Human Development Index in North Sumatra in 2021-2022

The Human Development Index (IPM) measures human development achievements based on a number of basic quality of life components. As a measure of quality of life, HDI is built through a basic three-dimensional approach. These dimensions include a long and healthy life; knowledge, and a decent life. These three dimensions have a very broad meaning because they are related to many factors. To measure the health dimension, life expectancy at birth is used. Furthermore, to measure the dimensions of knowledge, a combination of literacy rate indicators and the average length of schooling is used. This study aims to determine the relationship or influence between variables on the human development index. These variables are the average length of schooling, life expectancy, and the percentage of poor people. This research uses survey data from BPS North Sumatra for the 2021-2022 period. Data processing uses path analysis with the help of SPSS version 23 software. The path equation obtained in this study is Y = 0.672X1 + 0.297X2 − 0.223Z + 0.081. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the average length of schooling, life expectancy, and the percentage of poor people on the human development index

The Effect of Number of Population, Average Expenditure, Unemployment, and Number of Poor People in North Sumatra Province with Path Analysis Method

Poverty is an economic problem so that a person experiences the inability to meet the necessities of life caused by the economy not meeting the average standard of living of society in general. This research is to find out how much influence it has on population, average public expenditure, unemployment, and the number of poor people in the province of North Sumatra. Since the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in the poverty rate in 2021-2022. The percentage of poor people in September 2022 was 9.57 percent, an increase of 0.03 percent from March 2022 and a decrease of 0.14 percent from September 2021. Many people are experiencing unemployment due to reduced job opportunities. This research was conducted using the path analysis method and SPSS version 22 software. This research used quantitative data obtained from data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Data were tested using the Classical Assumption Test, Hypothesis Test, and Correlation Coefficient Test. The research results obtained have a direct influence on the Independent Variables and Dependent Variables namely; Total Population (X1) and Average Spending (X2) on Unemployment (Y) where there is a significant value less than 0.05, which means it has a significant effect. The results obtained in the analysis model equation Y = 0.385X1 + 0.117X2 + 0.233Z + 0.905

Revealing the Competition between Peeled-Ssdna, Melting Bubbles and S-DNA during DNA Overstretching using Fluorescence Microscopy

Understanding the structural changes occurring in double-stranded (ds)DNA during mechanical strain is essential to build a quantitative picture of how proteins interact and modify DNA. However, the elastic response of dsDNA to tension is only well-understood for forces < 65 pN. Above this force, torsionally unconstrained dsDNA gains ∼70% of its contour length, a process known as overstretching. The structure of overstretched DNA has proved elusive, resulting in a rich and controversial debate in recent years. At the centre of the debate is the question of whether overstretching yields a base-paired elongated structure, known as S-DNA, or instead forms single-stranded (ss)DNA via base-pair cleavage. Here, we show clearly, using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and optical tweezers, that both S-DNA and base-pair melted structures can exist, often concurrently, during overstretching. The balance between the two models is affected strongly by temperature and ionic strength. Moreover, we reveal, for the first time, that base-pair melting can proceed via two entirely different processes: progressive strand unpeeling from a free end in the backbone, or by the formation of ‘bubbles' of ssDNA, nucleating initially in AT-rich regions. We demonstrate that the mechanism of base-pair melting is governed by DNA topology: strand unpeeling is favored when there are free ends in the DNA backbone. Our studies settle a long running debate, and unite the contradictory dogmas of DNA overstretching. These findings have important implications for both medical and biological sciences. Force-induced melting transitions (yielding either peeled-ssDNA or melting bubbles) may play active roles in DNA replication and damage repair. Further, the ability to switch easily from DNA containing melting bubbles to S-DNA may be particularly advantageous in the cell, for instance during the formation of RNA within transcription bubbles. Copyright © 2013 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Revealing the Competition between Peeled-Ssdna, Melting Bubbles and S-DNA during DNA Overstretching using Fluorescence Microscopy

Understanding the structural changes occurring in double-stranded (ds)DNA during mechanical strain is essential to build a quantitative picture of how proteins interact and modify DNA. However, the elastic response of dsDNA to tension is only well-understood for forces < 65 pN. Above this force, torsionally unconstrained dsDNA gains ∼70% of its contour length, a process known as overstretching. The structure of overstretched DNA has proved elusive, resulting in a rich and controversial debate in recent years. At the centre of the debate is the question of whether overstretching yields a base-paired elongated structure, known as S-DNA, or instead forms single-stranded (ss)DNA via base-pair cleavage. Here, we show clearly, using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and optical tweezers, that both S-DNA and base-pair melted structures can exist, often concurrently, during overstretching. The balance between the two models is affected strongly by temperature and ionic strength. Moreover, we reveal, for the first time, that base-pair melting can proceed via two entirely different processes: progressive strand unpeeling from a free end in the backbone, or by the formation of ‘bubbles' of ssDNA, nucleating initially in AT-rich regions. We demonstrate that the mechanism of base-pair melting is governed by DNA topology: strand unpeeling is favored when there are free ends in the DNA backbone. Our studies settle a long running debate, and unite the contradictory dogmas of DNA overstretching. These findings have important implications for both medical and biological sciences. Force-induced melting transitions (yielding either peeled-ssDNA or melting bubbles) may play active roles in DNA replication and damage repair. Further, the ability to switch easily from DNA containing melting bubbles to S-DNA may be particularly advantageous in the cell, for instance during the formation of RNA within transcription bubbles. Copyright © 2013 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Measured Ionized Magnesium Is Inversely Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

The aims were to optimize a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based assay for quantifying ionized or free magnesium and investigate its association with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A high-throughput, ionized magnesium assay was optimized and evaluated. Plasma magnesium was quantified, and associations with T2D were ascertained in Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) participants. Coefficients of variation for the ionized magnesium assay ranged from 0.7–1.5% for intra-assay and 4.2–4.7% for inter-assay precision. In IRAS (n = 1342), ionized magnesium was significantly lower in subjects with prediabetes and T2D than in normoglycemic subjects, and lower in participants with T2D than those with prediabetes (p < 0.0001). Cross-sectional regression analyses revealed that magnesium was associated with T2D at baseline in models adjusted for multiple clinical risk factors (p = 0.032). This association appeared to be modified by sex, in such a way that the associations were present in women (OR = 0.54 (95% CI 0.37–0.79), p = 0.0015) and not in men (OR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.71–1.35), p = 0.90). Longitudinal regression analyses revealed an inverse association between magnesium and future T2D in the total population (p = 0.035) that was attenuated by LP-IR (p = 0.22). No interactions were detected between magnesium and age, race, BMI, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or LPIR for the prospective association with future T2D. However, a significant interaction between magnesium and sex was present, now with a trend for an association in men (OR = 0.75 (95% CI 0.55–1.02), p = 0.065 and absence of an association in women (OR = 1.01 (0.76–1.33), p = 0.97). Conclusions: lower ionized magnesium, as measured by an NMR-based assay optimized for accuracy and precision, was associated cross-sectionally with T2D at baseline and longitudinally with incident T2D in IRAS