Summary and concluding remarks

This chapter summarises the meeting, entitled ”Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply”. The general feeling was that academic research on the process of eutrophication had progressed significantly over the past decade, but there had been little contact with the water managers, i.e. those whose work was at the sharp end of dealing with the associated problems. This chapter summarises the sessions held by experts in the field

Variation in bacterial populations in time and space

Obtaining a reliable estimate of the bacterial population is one of the main problems facing the bacterial ecologist. The author discusses the various methods available and concludes that the observed variability in bacterial populations depends on the sampling interval used

The microbiological quality of water: the nature of the problem

Improvements in methods for the detection and enumeration of microbes in water, particularly the application of techniques of molecular biology, have highlighted shortcomings in the ”standard methods” for assessing water quality. Higher expectations from the consumer and increased publicity associated with pollution incidents can lead to an uncoupling of the cycle which links methodological development with standard-setting and legislation. The new methodology has also highlighted problems within the water cycle, related to the introduction, growth and metabolism of microbes. A greater understanding of the true diversity of the microbial community and the ability to transmit genetic information within aquatic systems ensures that the subject of this symposium and volume provides an ideal forum to discuss the problems encountered by both researcher and practitioner

An integrated approach to mixing sensitivities in tropospheric chemistry: a basis for the parameterization of subgrid-scale emissions for chemistry transport models

The net effect on the global atmosphere of a continuous isolated chemical source is considered under idealized conditions. A general framework is described that allows M i , the steady state global perturbation to the ith species due to the source, to be calculated. This is achieved by exploiting the fact that once the emissions are sufficiently dilute, far from the source, they decay with the timescales of the chemical eigenstates of the background atmosphere. Both M i and the level of excitation of the longer-lived eigenstates are shown to depend on the details of the mixing of emissions near the source. If the details of the dilution of the emissions plume are known, it is also shown that “equivalent emissions” can be calculated. Equivalent emissions are designed so that when diluted instantaneously into the background atmosphere they result in the same global perturbation to each species as the original slowly diluted plume. The framework is then applied to test the sensitivity to mixing of a simple O3-NO x -CO-HO x tropospheric chemistry system. M i is calculated for a NO-CO source of constant strength as the mixing scenario undergone by the emissions is varied. The global increase in O3 due to the source is found to increase with the rate at which emissions are mixed, whereas the global increase in CO is reduced. The equivalent emissions for each plume dilution mechanism are then calculated. In a simple plume box model it is shown that the equilibrium state obtained when the model is forced by emissions that are first diluted in entraining plumes can be reproduced in a standard box model (i.e., with instantaneous mixing of emissions) by the corresponding equivalent emissions. It is argued that the concept of equivalent emissions can be exploited straightforwardly to derive a parameterization of unresolved subgrid plumes in order to reduce systematic error in global models

Review and appraisal of fisheries development efforts in Nigeria

The paper reviews the various fisheries development plans from 1962 to 1985 and highlights major constraints in the development of the Nigerian fishing industry. The objectives of the plans are summarised together with policy measures formulated to achieve them. Major achievements of the plans, causes of failures to achieve plan objectives are given. Recommendations to improve formulation of future plans are summarise

Auxiliary basis sets for density fitting second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory: correlation consistent basis sets for the 5d elements Hf-Pt

Auxiliary basis sets specifically matched to the correlation consistent cc-pVnZ-PP, cc-pwCVnZ-PP, aug-cc-pVnZ-PP, and aug-cc-pwCVnZ-PP orbital basis sets (used in conjunction with pseudopotentials) for the 5d transition metal elements Hf-Pt have been optimized for use in density fitting second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and other correlated ab initio methods. Calculations of the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory correlation energy, for a test set of small to medium sized molecules, indicate that the density fitting error when utilizing these sets is negligible at three to four orders of magnitude smaller than the orbital basis set incompleteness error

Large scale evaluations of multimedia information retrieval: the TRECVid experience

Information Retrieval is a supporting technique which underpins a broad range of content-based applications including retrieval, filtering, summarisation, browsing, classification, clustering, automatic linking, and others. Multimedia information retrieval (MMIR) represents those applications when applied to multimedia information such as image, video, music, etc. In this presentation and extended abstract we are primarily concerned with MMIR as applied to information in digital video format. We begin with a brief overview of large scale evaluations of IR tasks in areas such as text, image and music, just to illustrate that this phenomenon is not just restricted to MMIR on video. The main contribution, however, is a set of pointers and a summarisation of the work done as part of TRECVid, the annual benchmarking exercise for video retrieval tasks

Keynes's German Contenders 1932-1944: On the Sociology of Multiple Discoveries in Economics

In a pathbreaking study on some alleged anticipations of Keynes''s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Don Patinkin in apparently applying Merton''s sociological approach to the problem of anticipations and multiples in economics, rejects Kalecki and the Stockholm School as anticipators. Patinkin''s contribution has a dual significance in improving our understanding of Keynesian economics, on the one hand, and in suggesting a novel approach to the sociology of economics on the other. This paper is concerned with Patinkin''s sociology. His approach by emphasizing the "central message" of a particular work, neglects the received sociological theory of knowledge in a way that compromises his entire investigation. This contention is illustrated by looking at Keynes''s German contenders. They had anticipated Keynesian theories and applied them in the years before the General Theory was published. Nevertheless, they rejected aspects of Keynesian economics after the appearanced the General Theory. True to his narrowly focussed approach, Patinkin could not analyze this body of work, which both anticipated and extended the General Theory. Keynes''s central message significantly differed from that of his contenders.public economics ;