Relativistic global and local divergences in hydrogenic systems: A study in position and momentum spaces

Relativistic effects in one-particle densities of hydrogenic systems are quantified by means of global and local density functionals: the Jensen-Shannon and the Jensen-Fisher divergences, respectively. The Schrödinger and Dirac radial densities are compared, providing complementary results in position and momentum spaces. While the electron cloud gets compressed towards the origin in the Dirac case, the momentum density spreads out over its domain, and the raising of minima in position space does not occur in the momentum space. Regarding the dependence on the nuclear charge and the state quantum numbers for all divergences here considered, as well as their mutual interconnection, accurate powerlike laws y˜Cxa are found systematically. The parameters {C,a} defining the respective dependences are extremely sensitive to the closeness of the system to the ground and/or the circular state. Particularly interesting are the analyses of (i) the plane subtended by the Jensen-Shannon and Jensen-Fisher divergences, in a given space (position or momentum), and (ii) either of the above two divergences in the position-momentum plane. These kinds of results show the complementary role of global and local divergences and that of both conjugate spaces

Characterisation of novel thin n-in-p planar pixel modules for the ATLAS Inner Tracker upgrade

In view of the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) to start operation around 2026, a major upgrade of the tracker system for the ATLAS experiment is in preparation. The expected neutron equivalent fluence of up to 2.4 * 1e16 1 MeV neq./cm2 at the innermost layer of the pixel detector poses the most severe challenge. Thanks to their low material budget and high charge collection efficiency after irradiation, modules made of thin planar pixel sensors are promising candidates to instrument these layers. To optimise the sensor layout for the decreased pixel cell size of 50 * 50 {\mu}m2, TCAD device simulations are being performed to investigate the charge collection efficiency before and after irradiation. In addition, sensors of 100-150 {\mu}m thickness, interconnected to FE-I4 read-out chips featuring the previous generation pixel cell size of 50 * 250 {\mu}m2, are characterised with testbeams at the CERN-SPS and DESY facilities. The performance of sensors with various designs, irradiated up to a fluence of 1 * 1e16 neq./cm2, is compared in terms of charge collection and hit efficiency. A replacement of the two innermost pixel layers is foreseen during the lifetime of HL-LHC. The replacement will require several months of intervention, during which the remaining detector modules cannot be cooled. They are kept at room temperature, thus inducing an annealing. The performance of irradiated modules will be investigated with testbeam campaigns and the method of accelerated annealing at higher temperatures.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, proceedings of the PSD Conference 201

Women, ethnicity and nationalisms in Latin America

Gutierrez Chong, Natividad (ed. lit.) "Women, ethnicity and nationalisms in Latin America". Aldershot : Ashgate, 2007. 235 p. ISBN 978-075-464-925-0Nationalism is a multifaceted phenomenon that has recently become a focus of redefinition through new multidisciplinary and multi-method approaches. The complex links among gender, ethnicity and nationalism, neglected for a long time in academic research, are increasingly receiving coverage in the scholarly literature. The book "Women, Ethnicity and Nationalisms in Latin America”, edited by Natividad Gutiérrez Chong, systematically explores these links in the context of Latin America, with case studies covering Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia and Mexico. Contributions are by leading Latin American scholars from diverse academic fields who share the aim of overcoming the limitations of the Eurocentric and androcentric framework that characterizes the main approaches to nationalism

Configuration Complexities of Hydrogenic Atoms

The Fisher-Shannon and Cramer-Rao information measures, and the LMC-like or shape complexity (i.e., the disequilibrium times the Shannon entropic power) of hydrogenic stationary states are investigated in both position and momentum spaces. First, it is shown that not only the Fisher information and the variance (then, the Cramer-Rao measure) but also the disequilibrium associated to the quantum-mechanical probability density can be explicitly expressed in terms of the three quantum numbers (n, l, m) of the corresponding state. Second, the three composite measures mentioned above are analytically, numerically and physically discussed for both ground and excited states. It is observed, in particular, that these configuration complexities do not depend on the nuclear charge Z. Moreover, the Fisher-Shannon measure is shown to quadratically depend on the principal quantum number n. Finally, sharp upper bounds to the Fisher-Shannon measure and the shape complexity of a general hydrogenic orbital are given in terms of the quantum numbers.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, accepted i

Soybean oil transesterification for biodiesel production with micro-structured calcium oxide (CaO) from natural waste materials as a heterogeneous catalyst

In this study, micro-structured calcium oxide obtained from the calcination (850 degrees C for 3 h) of Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken) eggshells was used as a catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil. This catalyst was characterized by Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) methods. The structure of the obtained CaO showed several agglomerates of white granular solids with a non-regular and unsymmetrical shape. In terms of calcium oxide catalytic activity, three different catalyst loadings (1%wt, 3%wt, and 5%wt) were tested for the same reaction conditions, resulting in transesterification yields of 77.27%wt, 84.53%wt, and 85.83%wt respectively. The results were compared to the current literature, and whilst they were lower, they were promising, allowing us to conclude that the tendency of yield improvement for this reaction, when the size range of catalyst particles is to be reduced to a nano scale, can be verified.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Almost all trees are almost graceful

The Graceful Tree Conjecture of Rosa from 1967 asserts that the vertices of each tree T of order n can be injectively labeled by using the numbers {1,2,…,n} in such a way that the absolute differences induced on the edges are pairwise distinct. We prove the following relaxation of the conjecture for each γ>0 and for all n>n 0(γ). Suppose that (i) the maximum degree of T is bounded by (Formula presented.)), and (ii) the vertex labels are chosen from the set {1,2,…,⌈(1+γ)n⌉}. Then there is an injective labeling of V(T) such that the absolute differences on the edges are pairwise distinct. In particular, asymptotically almost all trees on n vertices admit such a labeling. The proof proceeds by showing that a certain very natural randomized algorithm produces a desired labeling with high probability