The Earth: Plasma Sources, Losses, and Transport Processes

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its consequences on system dynamics, and its loss are all discussed. Both observational and modeling advances since the last time this subject was covered in detail (Hultqvist et al., Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses, 1999) are addressed

Judging the quality of customer segments: segmentation effectiveness

Market segmentation is well established in marketing theory and applied by organisations from all industry sectors. Despite widespread use, developing and implementing segmentation schemes is rarely problem free. Testing the quality and robustness of segments is one of the difficulties which marketers face. The literature describes segment quality criteria which are intended to help with this task, yet there is little evidence of their deployment and efficacy in practice. Using a longitudinal case study from the Eastern European mobile phone market, the practical application, impact and efficacy of these segment quality criteria are examined. The findings reveal the value of combining 'hard' statistical and 'soft' segment quality criteria to test the validity and robustness of segmentation outputs prior to implementing the segmentation. Implications from this case for managers seeking to select and deploy suitable quality criteria are considered

The Search-Coil Magnetometer for MMS

International audienceThe tri-axial search-coil magnetometer (SCM) belongs to the FIELDS instrumentation suite on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission (Torbert et al. in Space Sci. Rev. (2014), this issue). It provides the three magnetic components of the waves from 1 Hz to 6 kHz in particular in the key regions of the Earth’s magnetosphere namely the subsolar region and the magnetotail. Magnetospheric plasmas being collisionless, such a measurement is crucial as the electromagnetic waves are thought to provide a way to ensure the conversion from magnetic to thermal and kinetic energies allowing local or global reconfigurations of the Earth’s magnetic field. The analog waveforms provided by the SCM are digitized and processed inside the digital signal processor (DSP), within the Central Electronics Box (CEB), together with the electric field data provided by the spin-plane double probe (SDP) and the axial double probe (ADP). On-board calibration signal provided by DSP allows the verification of the SCM transfer function once per orbit. Magnetic waveforms and on-board spectra computed by DSP are available at different time resolution depending on the selected mode. The SCM design is described in details as well as the different steps of the ground and in-flight calibrations