881 research outputs found
Relativistic transition wavelenghts and probabilities for spectral lines of Ne II
Transition wavelengths and probabilities for several 2p4 3p - 2p4 3s and 2p4
3d - 2p4 3p lines in fuorine-like neon ion (NeII) have been calculated within
the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method with quantum electrodynamics
(QED) corrections. The results are compared with all existing experimental and
theoretical data
The Qualitative Method of Impact Analysis
Consider the qualitative approach to evaluation design (as opposed to measurement) to be typified by a case study with a sample of just one. Although there have certainly been elaborate and emphatic defenses of the qualitative approach to program evaluation, such defenses rarely attempt to qualify the approach explicitly and rigorously as a method of impact analysis. The present paper makes that attempt. The problem with seeking to advance a qualitative method of impact analysis is that impact is a matter of causation and a non-quantitative approach to design is apparently not well suited to the task of establishing causal relations. The root of the difficulty is located in the counterfactual definition of causality, which is our only broadly accepted formal definition of causality for social science. It is not, however, the only definition we use informally. Another definition, labeled âphysical causality,â is widely used in practice and has recently been formalized. Physical causality can be applied to the present problem. For example, it explains the persuasiveness of Strivenâs âModus Operandiâ approach tailored case study design with a sample size of one in principle as strong a basis for making inferences program impact as a randomized experiment. Crucial program evaluation finding that peopleâs âoperative reasonsâ for doing what they do are the physical actions. it is shown that external validity using this qualitative approach would have exceptional strengths.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67113/2/10.1177_109821409902000106.pd
Large Scale Pressure Fluctuations and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect associated with pressure fluctuations of
the large scale structure gas distribution will be probed with current and
upcoming wide-field small angular scale cosmic microwave background
experiments. We study the generation of pressure fluctuations by baryons which
are present in virialized dark matter halos and by baryons present in small
overdensities. For collapsed halos, assuming the gas distribution is in
hydrostatic equilibrium with matter density distribution, we predict the
pressure power spectrum and bispectrum associated with the large scale
structure gas distribution by extending the dark matter halo approach which
describes the density field in terms of correlations between and within halos.
The projected pressure power spectrum allows a determination of the resulting
SZ power spectrum due to virialized structures. The unshocked photoionized
baryons present in smaller overdensities trace the Jeans-scale smoothed dark
matter distribution. They provide a lower limit to the SZ effect due to large
scale structure in the absence of massive collapsed halos. We extend our
calculations to discuss higher order statistics, such as bispectrum and
skewness in SZ data. The SZ-weak lensing cross-correlation is suggested as a
probe of correlations between dark matter and baryon density fields, while the
probability distribution functions of peak statistics of SZ halos in wide field
CMB data can be used as a probe of cosmology and non-Gaussian evolution of
large scale structure pressure fluctuations.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures; Revised with expanded discussions. Phys. Rev. D.
(in press
Two-loop corrections to the decay rate of parapositronium
Order corrections to the decay rate of parapositronium are
calculated. A QED scattering calculation of the amplitude for electron-positron
annihilation into two photons at threshold is combined with the technique of
effective field theory to determine an NRQED Hamiltonian, which is then used in
a bound state calculation to determine the decay rate. Our result for the
two-loop correction is in units of times the
lowest order rate. This is consistent with but more precise than the result
of a previous calculation.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figure
Many-body-QED perturbation theory: Connection to the Bethe-Salpeter equation
The connection between many-body theory (MBPT)--in perturbative and
non-perturbative form--and quantum-electrodynamics (QED) is reviewed for
systems of two fermions in an external field. The treatment is mainly based
upon the recently developed covariant-evolution-operator method for QED
calculations [Lindgren et al. Phys. Rep. 389, 161 (2004)], which has a
structure quite akin to that of many-body perturbation theory. At the same time
this procedure is closely connected to the S-matrix and the Green's-function
formalisms and can therefore serve as a bridge between various approaches. It
is demonstrated that the MBPT-QED scheme, when carried to all orders, leads to
a Schroedinger-like equation, equivalent to the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation. A
Bloch equation in commutator form that can be used for an "extended" or
quasi-degenerate model space is derived. It has the same relation to the BS
equation as has the standard Bloch equation to the ordinary Schroedinger
equation and can be used to generate a perturbation expansion compatible with
the BS equation also for a quasi-degenerate model space.Comment: Submitted to Canadian J of Physic
Coherent matter wave inertial sensors for precision measurements in space
We analyze the advantages of using ultra-cold coherent sources of atoms for
matter-wave interferometry in space. We present a proof-of-principle experiment
that is based on an analysis of the results previously published in [Richard et
al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 010405 (2003)] from which we extract the ratio h/m
for 87Rb. This measurement shows that a limitation in accuracy arises due to
atomic interactions within the Bose-Einstein condensate
Translating the BDI and BDI-II into the HAMD and vice versa with equipercentile linking
Abstract
Aims
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) are the most frequently used observer-rated and self-report scales of depression, respectively. It is important to know what a given total score or a change score from baseline on one scale means in relation to the other scale.
Methods
We obtained individual participant data from the randomised controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorders. We then identified corresponding scores of the HAMD and the BDI (369 patients from seven trials) or the BDI-II (683 patients from another seven trials) using the equipercentile linking method.
Results
The HAMD total scores of 10, 20 and 30 corresponded approximately with the BDI scores of 10, 27 and 42 or with the BDI-II scores of 13, 32 and 50. The HAMD change scores of â20 and â10 with the BDI of â29 and â15 and with the BDI-II of â35 and â16.
Conclusions
The results can help clinicians interpret the HAMD or BDI scores of their patients in a more versatile manner and also help clinicians and researchers evaluate such scores reported in the literature or the database, when scores on only one of these scales are provided. We present a conversion table for future research
Dimensionless cosmology
Although it is well known that any consideration of the variations of
fundamental constants should be restricted to their dimensionless combinations,
the literature on variations of the gravitational constant is entirely
dimensionful. To illustrate applications of this to cosmology, we explicitly
give a dimensionless version of the parameters of the standard cosmological
model, and describe the physics of Big Bang Neucleosynthesis and recombination
in a dimensionless manner. The issue that appears to have been missed in many
studies is that in cosmology the strength of gravity is bound up in the
cosmological equations, and the epoch at which we live is a crucial part of the
model. We argue that it is useful to consider the hypothetical situation of
communicating with another civilization (with entirely different units),
comparing only dimensionless constants, in order to decide if we live in a
Universe governed by precisely the same physical laws. In this thought
experiment, we would also have to compare epochs, which can be defined by
giving the value of any {\it one} of the evolving cosmological parameters. By
setting things up carefully in this way one can avoid inconsistent results when
considering variable constants, caused by effectively fixing more than one
parameter today. We show examples of this effect by considering microwave
background anisotropies, being careful to maintain dimensionlessness
throughout. We present Fisher matrix calculations to estimate how well the fine
structure constants for electromagnetism and gravity can be determined with
future microwave background experiments. We highlight how one can be misled by
simply adding to the usual cosmological parameter set
Organic nitrate aerosol formation via NOÂł + biogenic volatile organic compounds in the southeastern United States
Gas- and aerosol-phase measurements of oxidants, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and organic nitrates made during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS campaign, Summer 2013) in central Alabama show that a nitrate radical (NOâ) reaction with monoterpenes leads to significant secondary aerosol formation. Cumulative losses of NOâ to terpenes are correlated with increase in gasand aerosol-organic nitrate concentrations made during the campaign. Correlation of NOâ radical consumption to organic nitrate aerosol formation as measured by aerosol mass spectrometry and thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence suggests a molar yield of aerosol-phase monoterpene nitrates of 23â44 %. Compounds observed via chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) are correlated to predicted nitrate loss to BVOCs and show CââHââNOâ
, likely a hydroperoxy nitrate, is a major nitrate-oxidized terpene product being incorporated into aerosols. The comparable isoprene product Câ
HâNOâ
was observed to contribute less than 1% of the total organic nitrate in the aerosol phase and correlations show that it is principally a gas-phase product from nitrate oxidation of isoprene. Organic nitrates comprise between 30 and 45% of the NOy budget during SOAS. Inorganic nitrates were also monitored and showed that during incidents of increased coarse-mode mineral dust, HNOâ uptake produced nitrate aerosol mass loading at a rate comparable to that of organic nitrate produced via NOâ CBVOCs
Scaling and nonscaling finite-size effects in the Gaussian and the mean spherical model with free boundary conditions
We calculate finite-size effects of the Gaussian model in a L\times \tilde
L^{d-1} box geometry with free boundary conditions in one direction and
periodic boundary conditions in d-1 directions for 2<d<4. We also consider film
geometry (\tilde L \to \infty). Finite-size scaling is found to be valid for
d3 but logarithmic deviations from finite-size scaling are found for
the free energy and energy density at the Gaussian upper borderline dimension
d* =3. The logarithms are related to the vanishing critical exponent
1-\alpha-\nu=(d-3)/2 of the Gaussian surface energy density. The latter has a
cusp-like singularity in d>3 dimensions. We show that these properties are the
origin of nonscaling finite-size effects in the mean spherical model with free
boundary conditions in d>=3 dimensions. At bulk T_c in d=3 dimensions we find
an unexpected non-logarithmic violation of finite-size scaling for the
susceptibility \chi \sim L^3 of the mean spherical model in film geometry
whereas only a logarithmic deviation \chi\sim L^2 \ln L exists for box
geometry. The result for film geometry is explained by the existence of the
lower borderline dimension d_l = 3, as implied by the Mermin-Wagner theorem,
that coincides with the Gaussian upper borderline dimension d*=3. For 3<d<4 we
find a power-law violation of scaling \chi \sim L^{d-1} at bulk T_c for box
geometry and a nonscaling temperature dependence \chi_{surface} \sim \xi^d of
the surface susceptibility above T_c. For 2<d<3 dimensions we show the validity
of universal finite-size scaling for the susceptibility of the mean spherical
model with free boundary conditions for both box and film geometry and
calculate the corresponding universal scaling functions for T>=T_c.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review
- âŠ