The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Monogenea of Arabian Gulf fishes. 3. Encotyllabe spari and E. kuwaitensis (Capsalidae) from Qatari waters

Two species of monogenea of the subfamily Encotyllabinae, genus Encotyllabe were observed from Qatari fishes which collected between March and May, 2002 from 5 Khors of Qatari coastal line; Al-Odaid, al-Dhakhira, Ras Rakan, Zikret and Salwa. The first species is Encotyllabe spari which collected from Carangoides bajad and the second is E. kuwaitensis from Pleciorhynchus schotaf. Full re-description is given to both species. Carangoides bajad and Plectorynchus schotaf are considered as a new host records for Encotyllabe spari and E. kuwaitensis respectively.The authors are very grateful to Scientific and Applied Research Center (SARC), University of Qatar for providing all the facilities for the study

Age, growth, population dynamics and stock status of Perna perna in Omani waters

Aim: Population parameters such as growth, recruitment pattern, mortality, exploitation rate and the length-weight relationship were investigated for the brown mussel, Perna pernain Omani waters. Methodology: Monthly shell-length frequency of P. perna were collected from three different locations, namely, Mirbat, Ra's Al-Had and Ra's Madrakah for one year from December 2010 to November 2011. The data were analysed using the FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools) software to estimate population parameters. Results: The length of individuals ranged from 10.34 to 104.03 mm and the weight from 0.12 to 52.45 g. The estimated relative growth coefficient (b) was 3.079(?0.019), and the 95% confidence levelof branged from 3.045 to 3.116. The annual recruitment pattern of P. perna showed a continuous trend throughout the year. The peak recruitment at Mirbat (19%) and Ra'sAl Had (21%) was observed in June, whereas at Ra's Madrakah (24%)it was observedinJuly. The estimated total mortality values ofP. pernawere 2.84 yr-1, 3.28 yr-1 and 2.48 yr-1 at Mirbat, Ra's Al Had and Ra's Madrakah, respectively, while the natural mortality rates were 1.25 yr-1 at Mirbat, 1.29 yr-1 at Ra'sAl Had, and 1.23 yr-1 at Ra's Madrakah. The fishing mortality rates were 1.59 yr-1 at Mirbat, 1.99 yr-1 at Ra'sAlHad and 1.25 yr-1 at Ra's Madrakah. The Perna perna attained an approximate length of 53.5 mm at the end of one year. Exploitation rate (E) was 0.56, 0.60 and 0.50 at Mirbat, Ra'sAlHad and Ra's Madrakah, respectively. Interpretation : The results revealed that the stock of P. perna at Mirbat and Ra's Al Had areas was over exploited. However, currentlyatRa's Madrakah the stock ofP. pernais currently optimally exploited.The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Agriculture and Fisheries Development Fund for funding thisstudy.WealsothanksDr.HusseinAl-MasrooriandDr.Ahmed Al-Maskri for this help in running this project

Sex ratio, gonad development and fecundity of Miyakella nepa (Crustacea, Stomatopoda) of Pantai Remis coastal waters of Malaysia

The sex ratio, gonad development and fecundity of Miyakella nepa (Latreille, 1828), in the coastal waters of Pantai Remis, Perak, were investigated from February 2012 to January 2013. Sex identification was done by identifying stomatopod's genitalia organs, and the ovaries were dissected out and preserved for further analysis. Female stomatopods with mature or near spawning stages were used for fecundity estimation. A total of 951 specimens of M. nepa, with 565 females and 386 males were examined. Results showed a sex ratio of 1:1.46 (male: females). Maximum GSI was estimated to be 5.80, while lowest was 2.95. Sexual maturity for female M. nepa was observed at 100 mm total length. The mean fecundity of M. nepa was 425, 657 (1, 8701) eggs which was observed to increase with increased body length. Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India).The research was supported from the research grant provided by fundamental research grant scheme (FRGS), Malaysia (Grant No. 5524144). Technical assistance and logistics were provided by the Universiti Putra Malaysia. A special thanks to Ainul, Syuhada, Sofea, Clement, Azim, Momin and Sairatul for their assistance.Scopu

Effects of bottom substratum on survival and growth of early juveniles of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity

Aim : Cannibalism remains a limiting factor during the nursery culture of crabs. This study was undertaken to improvetherearingtechniquesbyinvestigating theimpactofbottom substratum on crablet survival and growth. The knowledge gained from the research will be useful for the communal seed culture and development of crab farming, which are important factors regarding farmers' job stability in the future. Methodology:Blue swimming crab,Portunus pelagicus (first settled (C1 crabs); initial average weight and SD of 0.02 ? 0.01g) were cultured in glass aquarium (90 x 44 x 34 cm) and their survival and growth were assessed after 22 days of culture in four types of substratum such as control (none), sand, soil, or sand + soil. All treatments had 25 juvenile crabs, each of which was triplicated. Feeding was done twice a day (9 am and 5 pm)toapparent satiation. Results : Survival of early juvenile crabs cultured with sand was substantially higher at 65.33 ? 6.11% than those cultured with soil, sand + soil or control at 29.33 ? 10.07%, 28.00 ? 8.00%, and 21.33 ? 6.11%, respectively. Growth performance (such as final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate) of the early juvenile of P. pelagicus in all treatments were not significantly different (p>0.05). Interpretation : Overall, the best survival was achieved with sand substratum and can be recommendedasamean of reducing cannibalism during the early nursery rearing of blue swimming crab juveniles under captive culture conditions.The authors are grateful to those who have directly and indirectly contributed to this study, especially to the staffs of Center of Marine Science (COMAS), Port Dickson. This study was funded by a grant from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM project no. GP-IPB/2014/9440402)