300 research outputs found
John Stuart Mill and Fourierism: âassociationâ, âfriendly rivalryâ and distributive justice
John Stuart Millâs self-description as âunder the general designation of Socialistâ has been under-explored. It is an important feature of something else often overlooked: the importance of the French context of Millâs thought. This article focuses on the role of Fourierism in the development of Millâs ideas, exploring the links to Fourierism in Millâs writing on profit-sharing; his use of the words âassociationâ and âfriendly rivalryâ; and his views concerning distributive justice. It then reconsiders his assessment of Fourierism as a desirable, workable and immediately implementable form of social reform, ultimately arguing it was Millâs most-preferred form of âutopianâ socialism
Morally Respectful Listening and its Epistemic Consequences
What does it mean to listen to someone respectfully, that is, insofar as they are due recognition respect? This paper addresses that question and gives the following answer: it is to listen in such a way that you are open to being surprised. A specific interpretation of this openness to surprise is then defended
Is democracy an option for the realist?
In Democracy for Realists, Christopher Achen and Larry Bartels argue that the depressingly well-established fact that people are woefully ignorant on politically relevant matters renders democratic ideals mere âfairy tales.â However, this iconoclasm stands in deep tension with the prescriptions they themselves end up offer-ing towards the end of the book, which coincide to a surprising extent with those that have been offered by democrats for decades. This is a problem because, if we take seriously the type of data that Achen and Bartels rely on (and add to)âdata that should make us realists in the sense of the bookâs titleâit is not clear that democracy in any recognizable sense remains an option for the realist
Variability in Isotope Discrimination Factors in Coral Reef Fishes: Implications for Diet and Food Web Reconstruction
Interpretation of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (ÎŽ13C and ÎŽ15N) is generally based on the assumption that with each trophic level there is a constant enrichment in the heavier isotope, leading to diet-tissue discrimination factors of 3.4â° for 15N (ÎN) and âŒ0.5â° for 13C (ÎC). Diet-tissue discrimination factors determined from paired tissue and gut samples taken from 152 individuals from 26 fish species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia demonstrate a large amount of variability around constant values. While caution is necessary in using gut contents to represent diet due to the potential for high temporal variability, there were significant effects of trophic position and season that may also lead to variability in ÎN under natural conditions. Nitrogen enrichment increased significantly at higher trophic levels (higher tissue ÎŽ15N), with significantly higher ÎN in carnivorous species. Changes in diet led to significant changes in ÎN, but not tissue ÎŽ15N, between seasons for several species: Acanthurus triostegus, Chromis viridis, Parupeneus signatus and Pomacentrus moluccensis. These results confirm that the use of meta-analysis averages for ÎN is likely to be inappropriate for accurately determining diets and trophic relationships using tissue stable isotope ratios. Where feasible, discrimination factors should be directly quantified for each species and trophic link in question, acknowledging the potential for significant variation away from meta-analysis averages and, perhaps, controlled laboratory diets and conditions
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