Heat-transfer gauge arrays for identifying spot initiation in hypersonic transitional boundary layers

The initiation and growth of turbulent spots in transitional hypersonic boundary layers can influence the transition length and the distribution of heat transfer and skin friction through the transitional region. There is debate in the literature about whether spots initiate in a small band at the start of transition or throughout the transitional region. This paper presents a new design of arrays of thin-film heat transfer specifically designed to detect whether spots initiate in a small band. The gauges were arranged in two spanwise rows at different streamwise locations and were tested on a 7° blunt cone in the T4 Stalker Tube. It is shown that such instrumentation is capable of identifying that some spots initiate between the rows when other spots have already formed upstream of the first row. This demonstrates that the breakdown of laminar boundary layers is not concentrated in a region of small streamwise extent in the current hypersonic flows

Low Power EMC Optimized Wireless Sensor Network for Air Pollution Monitoring System

Air pollution has significant repercussion on the concentrations of constituents in atmosphere leading to consequences like global warming and acid rain. Traditional air polluting monitoring methods are expensive and bulky, to overcome this disadvantage WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) has come into existence which has advantage of being small, easy to setup, inexpensive and provide real time monitoring of data. In this paper, modular wireless sensor architecture for pollution monitoring system that measures the level of carbon monoxide, particulate Matter, nitrogen-di-oxide and sulphur-di-oxide in environment and sends the measured data to server is proposed. The proposed system is designed for extremely low power operation which monitors the pollutants level and sends the data to server via GPRS and can be used in secured places like military and defence. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15061

Cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for COPD management : observational analysis using CPRD data

It is often difficult to determine the cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and antibiotics are frequently prescribed. This study conducted an observational cost-effectiveness analysis of prescribing antibiotics for exacerbations of COPD based on routinely collected data from patient electronic health records. A cohort of 45 375 patients aged 40 years or more who attended their general practice for a COPD exacerbation during 2000-2013 was identified from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Two groups were formed ("immediate antibiotics" or "no antibiotics") based on whether antibiotics were prescribed during the index general practice (GP) consultation, with data analysed according to subsequent healthcare resource use. A cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken from the perspective of the UK National Health Service, using a time horizon of 4 weeks in the base case. The use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations resulted in cost savings and an improvement in all outcomes analysed; i.e. GP visits, hospitalisations, community respiratory team referrals, all referrals, infections and subsequent antibiotics prescriptions were lower for the antibiotics group. Hence, the use of antibiotics was dominant over no antibiotics. The economic analysis suggests that use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations is a cost-effective alternative to not prescribing antibiotics for patients who present to their GP, and remains cost-effective when longer time horizons of 3 months and 12 months are considered. It would be useful for a definitive trial to be undertaken in this area to determine the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations

Visualization Of Supersonic Flows In Shock Tunnels, Using The Background Oriented Schlieren Technique

Visualisation of supersonic compressible flows using the Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique is presented. Results from experiments carried out in a reflected shock tunnel with models of a 20-degree semi-vertex angle circular cone and a re-entry body in the test section are presented. This technique uses a simple optical set-up consisting of a structured background pattern, an electronic camera with a high shutter speed and a high intensity light source. Tests were conducted with a Mach 4 conical nozzle, with nozzle supply pressure of 2 MPa and nozzle supply temperature of 2000 K respectively. The images captured during the test were compared using PIV style image processing code. The intensity of light at each point in the processed image was proportional to the density at that point. Qualitative visualization of shock shapes, with images clearly indicating regions of subsonic and supersonic flows was achieved. For the cone, the shock angle measured from the BOS image agreed with theoretical calculations to within 0.5 degrees. Shock standoff distances could be measured from the BOS image for the re-entry body

Courage and nobility in sport – anecdotes from cricket

We are both unabashed cricket romantics and believe that however much the external attributes of cricket may have changed, the quintessential qualities of courage and nobility remain forever entwined with the game. In this essay we will describe why courage and nobility in sport is such a moving emotion and ennobling aspect of the game

Application of a genome-based predictive CHO model for increased mAb production and Glycosylation control

Monoclonal antibody therapeutics continue to grow in both number and market share with recent forecasts of global sales reaching ~$125MM by 2020. Most mAb products currently on the market are produced using cultured mammalian cells, typically Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which provide the necessary post-translational modifications to make the antibody efficacious. Many post-translational modifications such as the oligosaccharide profile are considered critical quality attributes (CQAs) that must be tightly controlled throughout the manufacturing process to ensure product safety and effectiveness. Therefore, the ability to predict how cell culture media components, including potential contaminants like trace metals, will affect product formation and glycosylation is important from both a process development and process control viewpoint. A detailed genome-based, predictive CHO model from the Insilico Cells™ library was adapted by the reconstruction software Insilico Discovery™ for a representative fed-batch process through a collaborative effort leveraging the computational and experimental expertise of two companies. The final, compartmentalized network model contained 1900 reactions (including transport reactions), 1300 compounds and contains stoichiometric descriptions of anabolic pathways for amino acids, lipids and carbohydrate species. The genome-scale model was constrained using several assumptions on the cell physiology and then used to compute time-resolved flux distributions by the software module Insilico Inspector™. The Insilico Designer™ module was then used to subsequently reduce the large model to a computationally manageable reduced model able to describe all flux distributions using 5 flux modes, of which 4 combined several metabolic functions and one is independently responsible for product synthesis. Using Insilico Designer™, the kinetic parameters of the reduced model were estimated by fitting the model-predicted metabolite concentrations to the experimentally determined values. The calibrated model was able to properly describe the time-dependent trajectories of biomass, product and most metabolites. Simulations using the reduced model were run and a media composition predicted to improve mAb production was identified and experimentally verified. Furthermore, experiments probing the effects of trace metals on product glycosylation were used to extend the model’s glycosylation predictability. The ability to identify both metabolic signatures, as well as media components, that correlate to specific glycan profiles will allow for fine-tuning of desired CQAs and enable more robust control strategies in upstream processes

The tight skin mouse: demonstration of mutant fibrillin-1 production and assembly into abnormal microfibrils

Mice carrying the Tight skin (Tsk) mutation harbor a genomic duplication within the fibrillin-1 (Fbn 1) gene that results in a larger than normal in-frame Fbn 1 transcript. In this study, the consequences of the Tsk mutation for fibrillin-containing microfibrils have been examined. Dermal fibroblasts from Tsk/+ mice synthesized and secreted both normal fibrillin (approximately 330 kD) and the mutant oversized Tsk fibrillin-1 (approximately 450 kD) in comparable amounts, and Tsk fibrillin-1 was stably incorporated into cell layers. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses of normal and Tsk/+ mouse skin highlighted differences in the gross organization and distribution of microfibrillar arrays. Rotary shadowing of high Mr preparations from Tsk/+ skin demonstrated the presence of abundant beaded microfibrils. Some of these had normal morphology and periodicity, but others were distinguished by diffuse interbeads, longer periodicity, and tendency to aggregate. The presence of a structurally abnormal population of microfibrils in Tsk/+ skin was unequivocally demonstrated after calcium chelation and in denaturating conditions. Scanning transmission electron microscopy highlighted the presence of more mass in Tsk/+ skin microfibrils than in normal mice skin microfibrils. These data indicate that Tsk fibrillin-1 polymerizes and becomes incorporated into a discrete population of beaded microfibrils with altered molecular organization

Noninvasive Risk Stratification of Lung Adenocarcinoma using Quantitative Computed Tomography

IntroductionLung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and encompasses lesions with widely variable clinical outcomes. In the absence of noninvasive risk stratification, individualized patient management remains challenging. Consequently a subgroup of pulmonary nodules of the lung adenocarcinoma spectrum is likely treated more aggressively than necessary.MethodsConsecutive patients with surgically resected pulmonary nodules of the lung adenocarcinoma spectrum (lesion size ⩽3 cm, 2006–2009) and available presurgical high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging were identified at Mayo Clinic Rochester. All cases were classified using an unbiased Computer-Aided Nodule Assessment and Risk Yield (CANARY) approach based on the quantification of presurgical HRCT characteristics. CANARY-based classification was independently correlated to postsurgical progression-free survival.ResultsCANARY analysis of 264 consecutive patients identified three distinct subgroups. Independent comparisons of 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) between these subgroups demonstrated statistically significant differences in 5-year DFS, 100%, 72.7%, and 51.4%, respectively (p = 0.0005).ConclusionsNoninvasive CANARY-based risk stratification identifies subgroups of patients with pulmonary nodules of the adenocarcinoma spectrum characterized by distinct clinical outcomes. This technique may ultimately improve the current expert opinion-based approach to the management of these lesions by facilitating individualized patient management

Maternal Manganese Restriction Increases Susceptibility to High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Altered Adipose Function in WNIN Male Rat Offspring

Growth in utero is largely a reflection of nutrient and oxygen supply to the foetus. We studied the effects of Mn restriction per se, maternal Mn restriction, and postnatal high-fat feeding in modulating body composition, lipid metabolism and adipocyte function in Wistar/NIN (WNIN) rat offspring. Female weanling, WNIN rats received ad libitum for 4 months, a control or Mn-restricted diet and were mated with control males. Some restricted mothers were rehabilitated with control diet from conception (MnRC) or parturition (MnRP), and their offspring were raised on control diet. Some restricted offspring were weaned onto control diet (MnRW), while others continued on restricted diet throughout (MnR). A set of offspring from each group was fed high-fat diet from 9 months onwards. Body composition, adipocytes function, and lipid metabolism were monitored in male rat offspring at regular intervals. Maternal manganese restriction increased the susceptibility of the offspring to high-fat-induced adiposity, dyslipidaemia, and a proinflammatory state but did not affect their glycemic or insulin status

Macromolecularly crowded in vitro microenvironments accelerate the production of extracellular matrix-rich supramolecular assemblies

Therapeutic strategies based on the principles of tissue engineering by self-assembly put forward the notion that functional regeneration can be achieved by utilising the inherent capacity of cells to create highly sophisticated supramolecular assemblies. However, in dilute ex-vivo microenvironments, prolonged culture time is required to develop an extracellular matrix-rich implantable device. Herein, we assessed the influence of macromolecular crowding, a biophysical phenomenon that regulates intra- and extra-cellular activities in multicellular organisms, in human corneal fibroblast culture. In the presence of macromolecules, abundant extracellular matrix deposition was evidenced as fast as 48 h in culture, even at low serum concentration. Temperature responsive copolymers allowed the detachment of dense and cohesive supramolecularly assembled living substitutes within 6 days in culture. Morphological, histological, gene and protein analysis assays demonstrated maintenance of tissue-specific function. Macromolecular crowding opens new avenues for a more rational design in engineering of clinically relevant tissue modules in vitro