Gaseous elemental and reactive mercury in Southern New Hampshire

We conducted measurements of Hg<sup>0</sup> and RGM at two inland sites, Thompson Farm (TF) and Pac Monadnock (PM), and a marine site (Appledore Island (AI)) from the UNH AIRMAP observing network in New Hampshire in 2007. Measurements of other important trace gases and meteorological variables were used to help understand influences on the atmospheric Hg budget in New England. Seasonal variation in both species observed at TF and PM is attributable to such factors as seasonal variation in deposition strength, meteorological conditions and biogenic emissions. Hg<sup>0</sup> and RGM varied diurnally at TF, particularly in spring, following the trend in air temperature and <i>j</i>NO<sub>2</sub> and suggesting photochemical production of RGM. The diurnal patterns of Hg<sup>0</sup> and RGM at AI during summer were nearly opposite in phase, with Hg<sup>0</sup> decreasing through late afternoon, suggesting more significant photochemical oxidation of Hg<sup>0</sup> to RGM in the marine environment, likely due to the presence of marine halogen compounds. A significant relationship of RGM with SO<sub>2</sub> at TF suggests a strong contribution of RGM from anthropogenic sources. Significant levels of halogen compounds measured at TF in previous studies, as well as similar Hg<sup>0</sup> levels and Hg<sup>0</sup>-CO ratios at TF and AI may suggest that similar air masses are prevalent at these sites

Factors underlying membrane potential-dependent and -independent fluorescence responses of potentiometric dyes in stressed cells: diS-C3(3) in yeast

AbstractThe redistribution fluorescent dye diS-C3(3) responds to yeast plasma membrane depolarisation or hyperpolarisation by Δψ-dependent outflow from or uptake into the cells, reflected in changes in the fluorescence maximum λmax and fluorescence intensity. Upon membrane permeabilisation the dye redistributes between the cell and the medium in a purely concentration-dependent manner, which gives rise to Δψ-independent fluorescence responses that may mimic Δψ-dependent blue or red shift in λmax. These λmax shifts after cell permeabilisation depend on probe and ion concentrations inside and outside the cells at the moment of permeabilisation and reflect (a) permeabilisation-induced Δψ collapse, (b) changing probe binding capacity of cell constituents (inverse to the ambient ionic strength) and (c) hampering of probe equilibration by the poorly permeable cell wall. At low external ion concentrations, cell permeabilisation causes ion outflow and probe influx (hyperpolarisation-like red shift in λmax) caused by an increase in the probe-binding capacity of the cell interior and, in the case of heat shock, protein denaturation unmasking additional probe-binding sites. At high external ion levels minimising net ion efflux and at high intracellular probe concentrations at the moment of permeabilisation, the Δψ collapse causes a blue λmax shift mimicking an apparent depolarisation

Oceanic influence on atmospheric mercury at coastal and inland sites: a springtime noreaster in New England

Continuous measurements of elemental (Hg<sup>0</sup>) and reactive mercury were conducted at two sites in New Hampshire during a powerful April 2007 noreaster. During the most intense period of the storm, enhancements of ~30–50 ppqv in Hg<sup>0</sup> were observed at a coastal and a high elevation inland site. This enhancement occurred simultaneously with elevated mixing ratios of three marine tracers, CH<sub>3</sub>I, CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and CHBr<sub>3</sub>. These observations suggest a marine source of Hg<sup>0</sup>, possibly outgassing from the ocean surface during strong turbulence. The Hg<sup>0</sup> enhancement observed 100 km inland suggests that the impact of coastal storms on terrestrial Hg cycling may not be limited to near-shore environments. Combining Hg<sup>0</sup> and marine tracer measurements during the storm with estimates of oceanic tracer fluxes during previous strong storms yields an order-of-magnitude estimate of the oceanic source of Hg<sup>0</sup> during the storm (~7 ppqv h<sup>−1</sup>) which can account for the observed enhancement at the field sites

Pseudomorphic Growth of a Single Element Quasiperiodic Ultrathin Film on a Quasicrystal Substrate

An ultrathin film with a periodic interlayer spacing was grown by the deposition of Cu atoms on thefivefold surface of the icosahedral Al70 Pd21 Mn9 quasicrystal. For coverages from 5 to 25 monolayers, a distinctive quasiperiodic low-energy electron diffraction pattern is observed. Scanning tunneling microscopy images show that the in-plane structure comprises rows having separations of S = 4.5 �0.2 �A and L = 7.3 0.3 A, whose ratio equals � =1.618... within experimental error. The sequences of such row separations form segments of terms of the Fibonacci sequence, indicative of the formation of a pseudomorphic Cu film

Cunctocrinus, A New Middle Devonian Calceocrinid Crinoid from the Silica Shale of Ohio

339-360http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48441/2/ID289.pd

III. Introgressive mtDNA Transfer in Hybrid Lake Suckers (Teleostei, Catostomidae) in Western United States

Hybridization and introgression permitted gene transfer from Catostomus to Lake Suckers in modern and MioPliocene lakes of Western United States. Lake Sucker genera, Chasmistes, Deltistes, and Xyrauchen, were sympatric with species of Catostomus (riverine suckers) in four large modern lakes and many fossil lakes in the Great Basin, Klamath, and Columbia-Snake drainages, and also in the Colorado River. Unique morphological traits in Lake Suckers originally included distinctive lips, jaw bones, neurocranial bones, and gill-rakers, but many of the original traits were lost or partly lost, and the remaining phenotypes are mixtures of intermediate morphological traits grading toward local species of Catostomus.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145184/1/MP 204no3.pdfDescription of MP 204no3.pdf : Main Articl

Logocrinus brandoni, A New Inadunate Crinoid from the Middle Devonian Silica Shale of Ohio

213-220http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48455/2/ID304.pd

Evolution of volatile and phenolic compounds during bottle storage of merlot wines vinified using pulsed electric fields-treated grapes

This study aimed to elucidate changes in volatile, phenolic, and oenological profiles of wines vinified from Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF)-treated and untreated Merlot grapes during bottle storage of up to 150, 90, and 56 days at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 45 °C, respectively, through chemometrics technique. Wines produced from untreated grapes and those PEF-treated at four different processing conditions (electric field strength 33.1 and 41.5 kV/cm and energy inputs between 16.5 and 49.4 kJ/kg) were used for the bottle storage study. Results showed that hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids in all stored wines, regardless vinified from untreated and PEF-treated grapes, increased as a function of time and temperature, while anthocyanins and selected esters (e.g., ethyl butanoate) decreased. Extreme storage temperature, at 45 °C particularly, resulted in a higher amount of linalool-3, 7-oxide in all stored wines. After prolonged storage, all wines produced from grapes PEF-treated with four different processing conditions were shown to favor high retention of phenolics after storage but induced faster reduction of anthocyanins when compared to wines produced from untreated grapes. Moreover, some volatiles in wines vinified using PEF-treated grapes, such as citronellol and 2-phenylethyl acetate, were found to be less susceptible towards degradation during prolonged storage. Production of furans was generally lower in most stored wines, particularly those produced from PEF-treated grapes at higher energy inputs (>47 kJ/kg). Overall, PEF pre-treatment on grapes may improve storage and temperature stability of the obtained wines

Cross-continental emergence of Nannizziopsis barbatae disease may threaten wild Australian lizards

Members of the genus Nannizziopsis are emerging fungal pathogens of reptiles that have been documented as the cause of fatal mycoses in a wide range of reptiles in captivity. Cases of severe, proliferative dermatitis, debility and death have been detected in multiple free-living lizard species from locations across Australia, including a substantial outbreak among Eastern water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii) in Brisbane, Queensland. We investigated this disease in a subset of severely affected lizards and identified a clinically consistent syndrome characterized by hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, dermal inflammation, necrosis, ulceration, and emaciation. Using a novel fungal isolation method, histopathology, and molecular techniques, we identified the etiologic agent as Nannizziopsis barbatae, a species reported only once previously from captive lizards in Australia. Here we report severe dermatomycosis caused by N. barbatae in five species of Australian lizard, representing the first cases of Nannizziopsis infection among free-living reptiles, globally. Further, we evaluate key pathogen and host characteristics that indicate N. barbatae-associated dermatomycosis may pose a concerning threat to Australian lizards