Ubiquity of virtual disguisers and potential impact on ethical behavior

The widespread availability of wirelessly connected portable computers, smartphones and other mobile devices, and the pervasive presence of computer services in our everyday environment, has brought the prediction of Mark Weiser of future ubiquitous computer systems closer to reality. Some of these - ever-present, anywhere, anytime - ubiquitous computer services mean easier and pleasant lifestyles for many people, but the generalized availability of some classes of these softwares and computer services, known as virtual disguisers and Virtual Robots, can pose new ethical problems in a world of explosive growth of social networking sites. The objective of the present article is to investigate some of these problems, from an interdisciplinary philosophical perspective. Special emphasis shall be given to the potential impact on human conduct caused by disguisers and Virtual Robots. © 2011 IEEE

Aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose pulmonar nos municípios de Botucatu, Conchas, São Manuel e Avaré, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de 1963 a 1972 Epidemiological aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis in Botucatu, Conchas, São Manuel and Avaré (State of S. Paulo), from 1963 to 1972

O diagnóstico da situação da tuberculose pulmonar nos Municípios de Botucatu, Conchas, São Manuel e Avaré, SP, Brasil, baseou-se na prevalência e risco de infecção em escolares de l&ordf; série, em 1972, e em dados de morbidade e mortalidade específica, de 1963 a 1972. Realizou-se inquérito tuberculínico em 2.913 escolares, com PPD 23 RT-2UT; foram analisados os prontuários de 718 casos inscritos no CSI de Botucatu e os atestados de óbito de residentes, incluindo-se os ocorridos em hospitais especializados. As taxas de prevalência de infecção para os quatro Municípios foram respectivamente 2,4%; 6,8%; 1,9% e 4,5%. Para a idade de 7,5 anos, os riscos de infecção foram: 0,27%; 0,32; 0,20% e 0,34%. O nível de infecção apurado caracterizou o conjunto como área de média prevalência da tuberculose pulmonar. Os índices de prevalência de infecção relacionaram-se diretamente à incidência de casos bacilíferos de cada Município. Em 530 casos com baciloscopia, houve 62,0% de positividade. As formas radiológicas moderada e avançada predominaram principalmente em adultos jovens do sexo masculino. Foram registradas alta taxa de abandono (39,5%}, baixo percentual de cura (17,9%) e 3,4% de óbitos; ao redor de 32,0% estava em tratamento. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas das proporções de abandono, segundo procedência por Município ou formas da doença. Invocaram-se razões técnico-administrativas do sistema vigente para explicar esses achados. A incidência média de casos confirmados, no período, foi de 35,4 em Conchas, 33,1 em Avaré, 23,7 em Botucatu e 18,5 em São Manuel (por 100.000). Com casos confirmados e suspeitos os índices foram: 57,6; 48,8; 43,8 e 35,3. Os índices médio-anuais de mortalidade, foram: 7,6 em Botucatu, 12,14 em Conchas, 5,0 em São Manuel e 18,7 em Avaré (por 100.000). Apenas em Botucatu registrou-se declínio das taxas de mortalidade de 1963 a 1972. A mortalidade específica em adultos jovens ainda era elevada, predominando no sexo masculino, principalmente em Conchas. Sublinhou-se a necessidade de descentralizar as atividades antituberculose para atingir um controle eficiente.<br>The diagnosis of the pulmonary tuberculosis situation in Botucatu, Conchas, São Manuel and Avaré (State of S. Paulo) was based on the study of prevalence and risk of infection, in first grade school - children, during 1972, and on morbidity and specific mortality data gathered during a ten year period, 1963 to 1972. Tuberculin survey with PPD 23 RT-2TU was carried out in 2.913 school children; 718 records from the Botucatu Public Health Center and the death certificates of residents who died in these counties or in specialized hospitals were analysed. The prevalence rates of infection for the 4 counties were respectively 2.4, 6.8, 1.9 and 4.5%. The risks of infection for 7.5 year old school-children were 0.27, 0 32, 0.20 and 0.34%. The infection level characterized these counties as constituting a medium prevalence area of pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence rates of infection were directly related to the incidence of smear positive cases, in all these counties. Sixty two percent (62.0) of 530 patients submitted, to direct microscopy were smear positive cases. The predominance of moderately advanced and far advanced pulmonary lesions was observed in male young adults. A high default rate (39.5), a low proportion of cure (11.9%) and death (3.4%) were observed. Thirty two percent were under treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between default cases and county procedence of default cases and extent of pulmonary lesions. These findings were attributed to the present technical and administrative health organization. The average incidence of confirmed cases during this period was 35.4 in Conchas, 33.1 in Avaré., 23.7 in Botucatu and 18.5 in São Manuel (per 100,000). The rates of confirmed and suspected cases together were: 57.6. 48.8, 43.8 and, 35.3. The average annual mortality rates were: 7.6 in Botucatu, 12.1 in Conchas, 5.0 in São Manuel and 18.7 in Avaré (in 100,000). The decreased mortality rates during 1963 to 1972 were observed only in Botucatu. Specific mortality is still high among the young male adults, specifically in Conchas. The need to incorporate the anti-tuberculosis activities in local health services, for effective control of this disease was emphasized

Permanent genetic resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 April 2010-31 May 2010

This article documents the addition of 396 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Anthocidaris crassispina, Aphis glycines, Argyrosomus regius, Astrocaryum sciophilum, Dasypus novemcinctus, Delomys sublineatus, Dermatemys mawii, Fundulus heteroclitus, Homalaspis plana, Jumellea rossii, Khaya senegalensis, Mugil cephalus, Neoceratitis cyanescens, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Phytophthora infestans, Piper cordulatum, Pterocarpus indicus, Rana dalmatina, Rosa pulverulenta, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Scomber colias, Semecarpus kathalekanensis, Stichopus monotuberculatus, Striga hermonthica, Tarentola boettgeri and Thermophis baileyi. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Aphis gossypii, Sooretamys angouya, Euryoryzomys russatus, Fundulus notatus, Fundulus olivaceus, Fundulus catenatus, Fundulus majalis, Jumellea fragrans, Jumellea triquetra Jumellea recta, Jumellea stenophylla, Liza richardsonii, Piper marginatum, Piper aequale, Piper darienensis, Piper dilatatum, Rana temporaria, Rana iberica, Rana pyrenaica, Semecarpus anacardium, Semecarpus auriculata, Semecarpus travancorica, Spondias acuminata, Holigarna grahamii, Holigarna beddomii, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Tarentola delalandii, Tarentola caboverdianus and Thermophis zhaoermii