Characteristic Aroma Compounds in Two New Vitis vinifera Cultivars (Table Grapes) and Impact of Vintage and Greenhouse Cultivation

‘Zaoheibao’ (a red tetraploid hybrid) and ‘Wuhecuibao’ (a white triploid hybrid) grapes have beenobtained from Guibao♀ (diploid, Vitis vinifera) × Zaomeigui♂ (diploid, V. vinifera) and Guibao♀ (diploid,V. vinifera) × Wuhebaijixin♂ (triploid, V. vinifera) respectively. Aroma characterisation of the twonew table grape cultivars was firstly done by the investigation of volatile compounds. The influence ofgreenhouse cultivation and vintage on berry aroma was studied as well. The results showed that linalool,decanal, β-damascenone, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal were the main volatile compounds of the two cultivars,which meant that the floral, fruity and sweet odour were prominent, followed by the herbaceous aroma.Greenhouse cultivation enhanced herbaceous odour in both ‘Wuhecuibao’ and ‘Zaoheibao’ berries,and reduced the floral aroma, contributed mainly by β-damascenone, in ‘Wuhecuibao’, and the sweetaroma, represented mainly by linalool, in ‘Zaoheibao’. The concentrations of the main aroma compoundswere greatly affected by vintage and the intensity of sensorial perception was correspondingly changed,but varietal odour attributes were not significantly altered. These results will not only help promote thecultivation and popularisation of these cultivars, but also will provide valuable data for the use of thesecultivars in future breeding

Tissue-specific Accumulation of Flavonoids in Grape Berries is Related to Transcriptional Expression of VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H

The products and the related gene expression of flavonoid metabolism were examined in the skin and pulpof Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes, a teinturier variety cultivated in China, and the data were comparedwith those in the skin and pulp of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes, a well-known redvariety. The results showed that, in comparison with the skins of Cabernet Sauvignon, the skins of Yan73berries were characterised by fewer types of flavonols and anthocyanins, a higher level of flavonoids,and a much lower percentage of 3′-hydroxylated flavonols. Flavonoid metabolism was also present in thepulp of Yan73, and the percentages of 3′-hydroxylated flavonols and 3′-hydroxylated flavan-3-ols weresignificantly higher than the percentages of their corresponding 3′,5′-hydroxylated forms. Only flavan-3-ols were found in the pulp of Cabernet Sauvignon. The expression of VvmybA1 exhibited a co-ordinationwith the accumulation of anthocyanins in the pulp of the teinturier cultivar, which showed great similarityto that in the skin. A good correlation was found between the expression of VvF3′H and 3′-hydroxylatedflavonoids, as well as between the expression of VvF3′5′H and 3′,5′-hydroxylated flavonoids in the skin andpulp of the grape berries. It is suggested that tissue-specific accumulation of flavonoids in grape berries isrelated to the transcriptional expression of VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H

Predicting Urban Medical Services Demand in China: An Improved Grey Markov Chain Model by Taylor Approximation

The sharp increase of the aging population has raised the pressure on the current limited medical resources in China. To better allocate resources, a more accurate prediction on medical service demand is very urgently needed. This study aims to improve the prediction on medical services demand in China. To achieve this aim, the study combines Taylor Approximation into the Grey Markov Chain model, and develops a new model named Taylor-Markov Chain GM (1,1) (T-MCGM (1,1)). The new model has been tested by adopting the historical data, which includes the medical service on treatment of diabetes, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease from 1997 to 2015 in China. The model provides a predication on medical service demand of these three types of disease up to 2022. The results reveal an enormous growth of urban medical service demand in the future. The findings provide practical implications for the Health Administrative Department to allocate medical resources, and help hospitals to manage investments on medical facilities

Thermodynamic analysis of BN, AlN AND TiN Precipitation in boron-bearing steel

In this paper, the precipitation behavior of BN, AlN and TiN particles in boron-bearing steel was studied based on thermodynamic calculation. During solidification process, precipitation amount of BN has a positive relationship with boron content, while has negative relationship with temperature. The binding capacity of boron and nitrogen is greater than that of aluminum and nitrogen, BN is preferentially precipitated as boron added to steel. BN particle reduces the free nitrogen content in steel and then prevents the formation of AlN particle. Combination of titanium and nitrogen element is more precedence than of boron and nitrogen element. Formation of TiN particle precedes BN particle, and the precipitation amount of BN is significantly reduced by adding titanium element to boronbearing

Extended state observer-based vector control for PMSM drive system with single phase current sensor

© 2017 IEEE. A novel extended state observer (ESO)-based vector control (VC) strategy is developed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems with only one phase current sensor. Generally, to achieve high precision control, two phase current sensors are indispensable for successful operation of the feedback control. In response to a phase current sensor fault, by use of technique of ESO, a new observer for estimating both the remaining two phase currents and time-varying stator resistance is put forward. To improve the performance and decrease system high frequency vibration, a nonlinear exponential function is used to replace the switch function in conventional ESO. The resultant ESO-based VC strategy for PMSM drive system with single phase current sensor has strong robustness and satisfactory control performance. Numerical simulation validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme

Ergodic Rate Analysis and IRS Configuration for Multi-IRS Dual-Hop DF Relaying Systems

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has emerged as a promising and low-cost technology for improving wireless communications by collecting dispersed radio waves and redirecting them to the intended receivers. In this letter, we characterize the achievable rate when multiple IRSs are utilized in the manner of decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. Our performance analysis is based on the Nakagami-m fading model with perfect channel state information (CSI). Tight upper bound expressions for the ergodic rate are derived. Moreover, we compare the performance of the multi-IRS DF relaying system with that of the one with a single IRS and confirm the gain. We then optimize the IRS configuration considering the numbers of IRSs and IRS reflecting elements, which provides useful insights for practical design

Energy Conversion between Ions and Electrons through Ion Cyclotron Waves and Embedded Ion-scale Rotational Discontinuity in Collisionless Space Plasmas

Wave–particle interaction is a fundamental process in collisionless plasma, which results in the redistribution of energy between plasma waves and particle species. The analysis of high-resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale plasma and magnetic field data directly reveals the energy exchange between electromagnetic energy, particle bulk kinetic energy, and thermal kinetic energy in magnetosheath turbulence. This work focuses on the energy transfer associated with ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) and embedded rotational discontinuity (RD). We find that (1) the particle kinetic energy of ions is converted into electromagnetic energy; (2) the electrons are gaining energy from electromagnetic fields, having significant electron heating in the parallel direction around the RD; (3) the ICWs and RD connect and redistribute energy between ions and electrons in the postshock downstream sheath region; and (4) the interactions between pressure tensor and strain tensor redistribute the ion and electron bulk and thermal kinetic energies, but less significantly than direct field–particle interaction by one order of magnitude in the ICW turbulence with weak compressibility, in the sense that (d|B|/|B|)^{2} < 10^{-2}, (dN/N)^{2} < 10^{-2}

Generation of 3-Dimensional graph state with Josephson charge qubits

On the basis of generations of 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional graph states, we generate a 3-dimensional N3-qubit graph state based on the Josephson charge qubits. Since any two charge qubits can be selectively and effectively coupled by a common inductance, the controlled phase transform between any two-qubit can be performed. Accordingly, we can generate arbitrary multi-qubit graph states corresponding to arbitrary shape graph, which meet the expectations of various quantum information processing schemes. All the devices in the scheme are well within the current technology. It is a simple, scalable and feasible scheme for the generation of various graph states based on the Josephson charge qubits.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure