ÚČINNOSŤ DEZINFEKČNÉHO PRÍPRAVKU DUSEPT NA G- A G+ BAKTÉRIE TEPELNE OŠETRENÉHO MLIEKA

We were evaluating the effectiveness of disinfecting appliance Dusept on mixture of G+ and G- bacteria and on the micro-organisms of heat-treated milk by three methods. By using the qualitative method effective action of 2% reagent was found on mixture of G+ and G- bacteria. By the qualitative method with carrier the 2% reagent was also effective on the mixture of G+ and G- bacteria, 1% and 0,1% reagents were not effective. The 2% reagent was not effective on the micro-organisms of milk on a carrier. The 2% solution was effective when applying the quantitative method by 20 minutes actuation on bacteria contained in milk.V experimente sme hodnotili účinnosť dezinfekčného prípravku na báze chlóru tromi metódami na zmes G+ a G- baktérií a na mikroorganizmy obsiahnuté v pasterizovanom mlieku. Pri použití kvalitatívnej platňovej metódy bolo účinné pôsobenie 2 %-ného roztoku na zmes G+ a G- baktérií. Pri kvalitatívnej metóde s použitím skleneného nosiča bol 2 %-ný roztok taktiež účinný na zmes G+ a G- , 1 %-ný a 0,1 %-ný roztok nebol účinný. Pre mikroorganizmy mlieka na nosiči 2 %-ný roztok bol neúčinný. Pri kvantitatívnej metóde bol 2 %-ný roztok po 20 minútovom pôsobení na baktérie obsiahnuté v mlieku účinný

Activation Energy of RTS Noise

Low frequency noise was measured in silicon MOSFET and GaN and InGaAs based HFET devices with special emphasis on the RTS noise. The RTS (Random Telegraph Signal) dependence on the biasing conditions and temperature was analyzed in order to obtain new information regarding production technology. From the time dependence of the RTS noise voltage the mean time of charge carriers capture and emission by traps in the gate oxide layer was determined as a function of applied gate and drain voltage or electron concentration and then several important trap parameters, such as activation energy and position in the channel could be estimated

The CO2 cutting cost of biogas from humanure and livestock manure

The European Union is accelerating its rollout of sustainable energy production and promotion of a circular economy. Electricity from biogas has synergy with energy-policy and rural-development goals yet its economic value is often convoluted. This study assessed the economic potential of biogas electricity using a representative rural case and quantified the cost and level of state support required for viability. The cost of CO2-equivalent emission reductions was determined using the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The results showed that a feed-in tariff of 0.33 € kWh−1 for green electricity was required for economic feasibility. This yielded a CO2 cutting cost of 251 € t−1. The methane energy potential was 78 467 kWh a−1 from 31 498 kg (dry mass) of substrates, 80% livestock manure and humanure and 20% plant-based. Circular use of the digestate from anaerobic digestion, enabled a nitrogen recovery potential of 1 575 kg a−1. The conclusions reached are that the economic value of the avoided emissions, through the RED II framework, is significant but it does not substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of biogas as an emission-mitigation technology. For biogas plant capacities less than 500 kW, current EU feed-in tariffs do not support economic viability

Toxic Shock-like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection

Two patients with toxic shock-like syndrome are presented. Both patients had necrotizing cellulitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes, and both patients required extensive surgical debridement. The association of Streptococcus pyogenes infection and toxic shock-like syndrome is discussed

Estimating survival of precocial chicks during the prefledging period using a catch-curve analysis and count-based age-class data

ABSTRACT: Estimating reproductive success for birds with pre-cocial young can be difficult because chicks leave nests soon after hatching and individuals or broods can be difficult to track. Researchers often turn to estimating survival during the pre-fledging period and, though effective, mark-recapture based approaches are not always feasible due to cost, time, and animal welfare concerns. Using a threatened population of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) that breeds along the Missouri River, we present an approach for estimating chick survival during the pre-fledging period using long-term (1993–2005), count-based, age-class data. We used a modified catch-curve analysis, and data collected during three 5-day sampling periods near the middle of the breeding season. The approach has several ecological and statistical assumptions and our analyses were designed to minimize the probability of violating those assumptions. For example, limiting the sampling periods to only 5 days gave reasonable assurance that population size was stable during the sampling period. Annual daily survival estimates ranged from 0.825 (SD = 0.03) to 0.931 (0.02) depending on year and sampling period, with these estimates assuming constant survival during the pre-fledging period and no change in the age structure of the population. The average probability of survival to fledging ranged from 0.126 to 0.188. Our results are similar to other published estimates for this species in similar habitats. This method of estimating chick survival may be useful for a variety of pre-cocial bird species when mark-recapture methods are not feasible and only count-based age class data are available. RESUMEN. La estimaci´on de la supervivencia de polluelos precociales durante el periodo pre-volant´on usando un an´alisis de curva de captura y datos con clases de edades basados en conteos Estimar el ´exito reproductivo de aves con polluelos precociales puede ser dif´ıcil debido a que los polluelos dejan el nido poco despu´es de eclosionar y los individuos o nidadas pueden ser dif´ıciles de seguir. Los investigadores a menudo estiman la supervivencia durante el periodo pre-volant´on y aunque son efectivos, los m´etodos de marcaje y recaptura no son siempre factibles por razones del costo, tiempo y bienestar del animal. Usando una poblaci´on amenazada de Charadrius melodus que se reproduce sobre el R´ıo Missouri, presentamos un m´etodo para estimar la supervivencia de polluelos durante el periodo pre-volant´on usando datos de largo plazo (1993–2005) con clases de edades, basados en conteos. Utilizamos un an´alisis de curva de captura modificada y datos colectados durante tres periodos de muestreo de cinco d´ıas cada uno, cerca del medio de la ´epoca reproductiva. Este m´etodo tiene algunos supuestos ecol´ogicos y estad´ısticos y nuestros an´alisis fueron dise˜nados para minimizar la probabilidad de violar dichos supuestos. Por ejemplo, limitando los periodos de muestreo a solo cinco d´ıas dio el resultado razonable de que el tama˜no de la poblaci´on fue estable durante el periodo de muestreo. Las estimaciones de la supervivencia diaria anual variaron entre 0.825 (DE = 0.03) y 0.931 (0.02), dependiendo del a˜no y periodo de muestreo. Estas estimaciones dependieron de la suposici´on de una supervivencia constante durante el periodo pre-volant´on y de ning´un cambio en la estructura de la edad de la poblaci´on. El promedio de la probabilidad de supervivencia en la etapa pre-volant´on vari´o desde 0.126 hasta 0.188. Nuestros resultados son similares a otras estimaciones publicadas para esta especie en h´abitats similares. Este m´etodo de estimar la supervivencia de los polluelos podr´ıa ser ´util para una variedad de especies de aves precociales cuando los m´etodos de marcaje y recaptura no son factibles y cuando solo est´an disponibles datos con clases de edades basados en conteos

Traditions in Spider Monkeys Are Biased towards the Social Domain

Cross-site comparison studies of behavioral variation can provide evidence for traditions in wild species once ecological and genetic factors are excluded as causes for cross-site differences. These studies ensure behavior variants are considered within the context of a species' ecology and evolutionary adaptations. We examined wide-scale geographic variation in the behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) across five long-term field sites in Central America using a well established ethnographic cross-site survey method. Spider monkeys possess a relatively rare social system with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, also typical of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). From the initial 62 behaviors surveyed 65% failed to meet the necessary criteria for traditions. The remaining 22 behaviors showed cross-site variation in occurrence ranging from absent through to customary, representing to our knowledge, the first documented cases of traditions in this taxon and only the second case of multiple traditions in a New World monkey species. Of the 22 behavioral variants recorded across all sites, on average 57% occurred in the social domain, 19% in food-related domains and 24% in other domains. This social bias contrasts with the food-related bias reported in great ape cross-site comparison studies and has implications for the evolution of human culture. No pattern of geographical radiation was found in relation to distance across sites. Our findings promote A. geoffroyi as a model species to investigate traditions with field and captive based experiments and emphasize the importance of the social domain for the study of animal traditions.Research at Barro Colorado Island was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9711161), the Leakey Foundation, the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (www.berkeley.edu) and a Short-term Fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (www.stri.org). Research at Corcovado National Park's Sirena Biological Station was supported by NSF award 0233248 (with R. Sussman), the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the American Society of Primatologists (www.asp.org), and Washington University in St. Louis (www.wustl.edu). Funds for Sirena's field lab facility were provided to L. E. Gilbert (Univ. of Texas at Austin) by NSF BSR 8315399 and a matching WWF grant, and funds for updating Sirena's trail system and installation of spatial reference system were provided by the Mellon Foundation through the Institute of Latin American Studies at UT Austin. Research at Santa Rosa and Punta Laguna was supported by The British Academy (www.britac.ac.uk), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (www.wennergren.org), the Leakey Foundation (www.leakeyfoundation.org) and the North of England Zoological Society (www.chesterzoo.org). CJS was supported by a Gladstone bursary from the University of Chester (www.chester.ac.uk) and by the Santander University Scheme (www.santander.co.uk). Research at Runaway Creek was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Traditions in spider monkeys are biased towards the social domain

Cross-site comparison studies of behavioral variation can provide evidence for traditions in wild species once ecological and genetic factors are excluded as causes for cross-site differences. These studies ensure behavior variants are considered within the context of a species' ecology and evolutionary adaptations. We examined wide-scale geographic variation in the behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) across five long-term field sites in Central America using a well established ethnographic cross-site survey method. Spider monkeys possess a relatively rare social system with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, also typical of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). From the initial 62 behaviors surveyed 65% failed to meet the necessary criteria for traditions. The remaining 22 behaviors showed cross-site variation in occurrence ranging from absent through to customary, representing to our knowledge, the first documented cases of traditions in this taxon and only the second case of multiple traditions in a New World monkey species. Of the 22 behavioral variants recorded across all sites, on average 57% occurred in the social domain, 19% in food-related domains and 24% in other domains. This social bias contrasts with the food-related bias reported in great ape cross-site comparison studies and has implications for the evolution of human culture. No pattern of geographical radiation was found in relation to distance across sites. Our findings promote A. geoffroyi as a model species to investigate traditions with field and captive based experiments and emphasize the importance of the social domain for the study of animal traditions.Research at Barro Colorado Island was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9711161), the Leakey Foundation, the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (www.berkeley.edu) and a Short-term Fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (www.stri.org). Research at Corcovado National Park's Sirena Biological Station was supported by NSF award 0233248 (with R. Sussman), the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the American Society of Primatologists (www.asp.org), and Washington University in St. Louis (www.wustl.edu). Funds for Sirena's field lab facility were provided to L. E. Gilbert (Univ. of Texas at Austin) by NSF BSR 8315399 and a matching WWF grant, and funds for updating Sirena's trail system and installation of spatial reference system were provided by the Mellon Foundation through the Institute of Latin American Studies at UT Austin. Research at Santa Rosa and Punta Laguna was supported by The British Academy (www.britac.ac.uk), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (www.wennergren.org), the Leakey Foundation (www.leakeyfoundation.org) and the North of England Zoological Society (www.chesterzoo.org). CJS was supported by a Gladstone bursary from the University of Chester (www.chester.ac.uk) and by the Santander University Scheme (www.santander.co.uk). Research at Runaway Creek was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript