229 research outputs found
Giant crystal-electric-field effect and complex magnetic behavior in single-crystalline CeRh3Si2
Single-crystalline CeRh3Si2 was investigated by means of x-ray diffraction,
magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, electrical resistivity, and specific
heat measurements carried out in wide temperature and magnetic field ranges.
Moreover, the electronic structure of the compound was studied at room
temperature by cerium core-level x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The
physical properties were analyzed in terms of crystalline electric field and
compared with results of ab-initio band structure calculations performed within
the density functional theory approach. The compound was found to crystallize
in the orthorhombic unit cell of the ErRh3Si2 type (space group Imma -- No.74,
Pearson symbol: oI24) with the lattice parameters: a = 7.1330(14) A, b =
9.7340(19) A, and c = 5.6040(11) A. Analysis of the magnetic and XPS data
revealed the presence of well localized magnetic moments of trivalent cerium
ions. All physical properties were found to be highly anisotropic over the
whole temperature range studied, and influenced by exceptionally strong
crystalline electric field with the overall splitting of the 4f1 ground
multiplet exceeding 5700 K. Antiferromagnetic order of the cerium magnetic
moments at TN = 4.70(1)K and their subsequent spin rearrangement at Tt =
4.48(1) K manifest themselves as distinct anomalies in the temperature
characteristics of all investigated physical properties and exhibit complex
evolution in an external magnetic field. A tentative magnetic B-T phase
diagram, constructed for B parallel to the b-axis being the easy magnetization
direction, shows very complex magnetic behavior of CeRh3Si2, similar to that
recently reported for an isostructural compound CeIr3Si2. The electronic band
structure calculations corroborated the antiferromagnetic ordering of the
cerium magnetic moments and well reproduced the experimental XPS valence band
spectrum.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, to appear in Physical Review
Violation of critical universality at the antiferromagnetic phase transition of YbRh2Si2
We report on precise low-temperature specific-heat measurements, C(T), of
YbRh2Si2 in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic phase transition on a single
crystal of superior quality (RRR 150). We observe a very sharp peak at T_N=72mK
with absolute values as high as C/T=8J/molK^2. A detailed analysis of the
critical exponent \alpha around T_N reveals \alpha=0.38 which differs
significantly from those of the conventional universality classes in the
Ginzburg-Landau theory, where \alpha<0.11. Thermal-expansion measurements
corroborate this large positive critical exponent. These results provide
insight into the nature of the critical magnetic fluctuations at a
temperature-driven phase transition close to a quantum critical point.Comment: Accepted for PR
Cropping system effects on soil quality in the Great Plains: Synthesis from a regional project
Soils perform a number of essential functions affecting management goals. Soil functions were assessed by measuring physical, chemical, and biological properties in a regional assessment of conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) management practices at eight sites within the Great Plains. The results, reported in accompanying papers, provide excellent data for assessing how management practices collectively affect agronomic and environmental soil functions that benefit both farmers and society. Our objective was to use the regional data as an input for two new assessment tools to evaluate their potential and sensitivity for detecting differences (aggradation or degradation) in management systems. The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) and the agro-ecosystem performance assessment tool (AEPAT) were used to score individual soil properties at each location relative to expected conditions based on inherent soil-forming factors and to compute index values that provide an overall assessment of the agronomic and environmental impact of the CON and ALT practices. SMAF index values were positively correlated with grain yield (an agronomic function) and total organic matter (an agronomic and environmental function). They were negatively correlated with soil nitrate concentration at harvest (an indicator of environmental function). There was general agreement between the two assessment tools when used to compare management practices. Users can measure a small number of soil properties and use one of these tools to easily assess the effectiveness of soil management practices. A higher score in either tool identifies more environmentally and agronomically sustainable management. Temporal variability in measured indicators makes dynamic assessments of management practices essential. Water-filled pore space, aggregate stability, particulate organic matter, and microbial biomass were sensitive to management and should be included in studies aimed at improving soil management. Reductions in both tillage and fallow combined with crop rotation has resulted in improved soil function (e.g., nutrient cycling, organic C content, and productivity) throughout the Great Plains
Lentil green manure as fallow replacement in the semiarid northern Great Plains
Green manures (GM) may offset inorganic N needs and improve
soil quality. Study objectives were to determine effects of green manure
on soil-N fertility, water use, soil quality, and yield of spring wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.). On two treatments, lentil (Lens culinaris
Medikus cv. Indianhead) was green manured in a green manure–spring
wheat rotation. Lentil was killed by disking (GMMF) or chemicals
(GMCF). Additional treatments were annually cropped wheat (AW)
in a mechanical fallow (MF) or chemical fallow (CF) sequence. No
inorganic N was used on GMMF and GMCF. Experiments were
started in 1991 on a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll)
near Culbertson, MT. Green-manure treatments used 56 mm
more water than fallow treatments when lentil was grown to lower-pod
set. When lentil was killed at full bloom, there were no differences
in water use among GM and fallow treatments. There were no differences
among treatments in soil water at wheat planting. Wheat yield
was 25% less on GM than on MF and CF. Soil NO 3–N (0-0.6 m) was
35% less on GM than MF and CF rotations. There were no differences
in soil quality indicators of bulk density, organic C, pH, electrical
conductivity, and deep NO3–N (0.6 –1.8 m) among treatments after
two cycles of GM. Potentially mineralizable N was 66% greater on
GM treatments than on fallow treatments. Short-term results (5 yr)
show that available N limited wheat production more than did soil
water on the GM treatments. Soil improvement using green manures
may require many additional cropping cycles
Kondo-Cluster-Glass State near a Ferromagnetic Quantum Phase Transition
We report on a comprehensive study of CePdRh poly- and single crystals close to the ferromagnetic instability by
means of low-temperature ac susceptibility, magnetization and volume thermal
expansion. The signature of ferromagnetism in this heavy-fermion system can be
traced from 6.6 K in CePd down to 25 mK for . Despite pronounced
non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) effects in both, specific heat and thermal expansion,
the Gr\"uneisen ratio {\it does not} diverge as , providing evidence
for the absence of a quantum critical point. Instead, a peculiar
"Kondo-cluster-glass" state is found for , and the NFL effects in
the specific heat, ac susceptibility and magnetization are compatible with the
quantum Griffiths phase scenario.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Bowen-Ratio Comparisons with Lysimeter Evapotranspiration
Water use in agriculture by different cropping systems is of interest
in determining crop water use efficiency of different tillage practices
that will lead to reduced crop production risk. Lysimeters are considered
the standard for evapotranspiration (ET) measurements; however,
these units are often not replicated and are few in number at
any given location. Our objective was to determine if a simple Bowen-ratio
system with nonexchanging psychrometers could provide accurate
measurements of ET from lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) in a
semiarid climate. The study was conducted in 1993 and 1994 on two
adjacent 180- by 180-m fields with weighing lysimeters (1.68 by 1.68
by 1.83 m) located in the center of each field, on a Williams loam
(fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) soil near Sidney, MT. A Bowen-ratio
system comprised of two nonexchanging psychrometers and
anemometers at 0.25 and 1.25 m above the plant canopy surface was
placed in the lentil field along with a net radiometer and soil heat
flux plate. Precipitation during the growing season from planting to
swathing was 367 mm in 1993 and 227 mm in 1994. In 1993, soil
water content of the lysimeter was greater than the field after large
precipitation events around Day of Year (DOY) 210, even though
the lysimeter was drained. After this time, the lysimeter ET exceeded
that measured by the Bowen-ratio system. Agreement was closer in
1994, when precipitation was near normal and there was no excess
soil water in the lysimeter. Cumulative ET totals from the lysimeter
were reflective of the seasonal precipitation patterns. Differences
between the lysimeter and Bowen-ratio occurred when there was
excess precipitation and inadequate drainage from the lysimeter. Half-hourly
ET fluxes from lysimeter and Bowen-ratio values agreed to
within 10% throughout the season. Bowen-ratio systems with nonexchanging
psychrometers can provide satisfactory estimates of daily
and seasonal ET and can be used to estimate ET in semiarid climates
Lentil water use and fallow water loss in a semiarid climate
With renewed interest in legumes for green manures or as partial
summer fallow replacement crops, it is important to know water
requirements of these crops in semiarid agriculture. Our objective
was to evaluate seasonal water use by black lentil (Lens culinaris
Medikus cv. Indianhead), a potential fallow replacement crop, and
to relate water use to parameters useful as soil water management tools.
We measured evapotranspiration (ET) from two precision weighing
lysimeters located on a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll)
near Sidney, MT. The lysimeters were in adjacent 180- by
180-m fields in a typical strip-crop environment of the semiarid northern
Great Plains. Bowen ratio estimates of ET were also obtained.
Lentil was seeded no-till into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble on
one lysimeter field in 1993, and the other was left in chemical fallow.
Seeded and fallow fields were rotated in 1994. Water loss by ET from
lentil and fallow lysimeters was the same ( 25 mm) for 3 wk following
seeding. Plant height was related to growing degree days (GDD) in
both years. Cumulative ET was related to GDD for both years until
about 800 GDD, corresponding to nearly 300 mm ET. Deciding how
much water to sacrifice (with hopes of recovery during the noncrop
period) becomes a matter of judgment about probable rainfall. At
full bloom ( 2 Mg ha' dry matter production), the lentil crop used
about 50 to 70 mm more water than fallow. Probably no more than
50 mm of water loss above that from fallow should be sacrificed if a
grain crop is to be seeded the following year. From a practical standpoint,
because plant height was closely related to both GDD and
cumulative ET, it is plausible that a simple measure of lentil height
(about 350 mm maximum) can give sufficient accuracy for determining
when lentil growth, as a partial summer fallow replacement crop in
a semiarid climate, should be terminated
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