Kedudukan Anak Akibat Batalnya Perkawinan Karena Hubungan Darah Menurut Hukum Positif

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hukum tentang Pembatalan Perkawinan karena hubungan darah menurut Hukum Positif Di Indonesia dan bagaimana kedudukan hukum anak yang lahir setelah pembatalan perkawinan menurut Hukum Positif di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan hukum mengenai pembatalan perkawinan di Indonesia masih beragam walaupun Undang-Undang perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 seringkali disebut unifikasi hukum perkawinan. Pembatalan perkawinan merupakan putusnya perkawinan disebabkan persyaratan perkawinan yang diatur dalam undang-undang dan larangan perkawinan tidak dipenuhi. 2. Status hukum anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan yang telah batal pada dasarnya merupakan anak yang sah sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dalam Pasal 28. Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Tentang Pengujian pasal 2 ayat 2 dan pasal 43 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 yang menyatakan bahwa pasal 43 ayat Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 melanggar Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia pasal 28 B ayat 1 dan 2 dan pasal 28 D ayat 1

Additional file 2: of Predictors of inappropriate and excessive use of reliever medications in asthma: a 16-year population-based study

Sensitivity analysis after including all patient-years with no history of asthma related healthcare use. (DOCX 18 kb

Additional file 1: of Predictors of inappropriate and excessive use of reliever medications in asthma: a 16-year population-based study

List of asthma-related medications. (DOCX 14 kb

The association between previous and future severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Updating the literature using robust statistical methodology

<div><p>Background</p><p>There is minimal evidence on the extent to which the occurrence of a severe acute exacerbation of COPD that results in hospitalization affects the subsequent disease course. Previous studies on this topic did not generate causally-interpretable estimates. Our aim was to use corrected methodology to update previously reported estimates of the associations between previous and future exacerbations in these patients.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Using administrative health data in British Columbia, Canada (1997–2012), we constructed a cohort of patients with at least one severe exacerbation, defined as an episode of inpatient care with the main diagnosis of COPD based on international classification of diseases (ICD) codes. We applied a random-effects 'joint frailty' survival model that is particularly developed for the analysis of recurrent events in the presence of competing risk of death and heterogeneity among individuals in their rate of events. Previous severe exacerbations entered the model as dummy-coded time-dependent covariates, and the model was adjusted for several observable patient and disease characteristics.</p><p>Results</p><p>35,994 individuals (mean age at baseline 73.7, 49.8% female, average follow-up 3.21 years) contributed 34,271 severe exacerbations during follow-up. The first event was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.75 (95%CI 1.69–1.82) for the risk of future severe exacerbations. This risk decreased to HR = 1.36 (95%CI 1.30–1.42) for the second event and to 1.18 (95%CI 1.12–1.25) for the third event. The first two severe exacerbations that occurred during follow-up were also significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. There was substantial heterogeneity in the individual-specific rate of severe exacerbations. Even after adjusting for observable characteristics, individuals in the 97.5th percentile of exacerbation rate had 5.6 times higher rate of severe exacerbations than those in the 2.5th percentile.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Using robust statistical methodology that controlled for heterogeneity in exacerbation rates among individuals, we demonstrated potential causal associations among past and future severe exacerbations, albeit the magnitude of association was noticeably lower than previously reported. The prevention of severe exacerbations has the potential to modify the disease trajectory.</p></div

Regression coefficients relating the occurrence of each follow-up severe exacerbations to subsequent severe exacerbations (green circles) or death (black squares).

<p><b>Footnote:</b> Regression coefficients for all variables are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0191243#pone.0191243.s004" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>. For each exacerbation, the reference (baseline) hazard for the reported HR is the period between the immediately previous and the current exacerbation.</p

(A) Cost-effectiveness plane; (B) Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve; and (C) Expected value of information.

<p>(A) Cost-effectiveness plane; (B) Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve; and (C) Expected value of information.</p

Individualized hazard ratios* of severe exacerbations after removing the effects of observed patient characteristics†.

<p><b>Footnote:</b> * Individual-specific HRs represent the tendency of individuals to exacerbate or die that exceeds the effects of the independent variables included in the model. † 0.8% of individuals had HRs of greater than 5 and were not shown in this graph.</p

Trends in Asthma-Related Direct Medical Costs from 2002 to 2007 in British Columbia, Canada: A Population Based-Cohort Study

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Asthma-related health resource use and costs may be influenced by increasing asthma prevalence, changes to asthma management guidelines, and new medications over the last decade. The objective of this work was to analyze direct asthma-related medical costs, and trends in total and per-patient costs of hospitalizations, physician visits, and medications.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>A cohort of asthma patients from British Columbia (BC), Canada, was created. Asthma patients were identified using a validated case definition. Costs for hospitalizations, physician visits, and medications were calculated from billing records (in 2008 Canadian dollars). Trends in total and per-patient costs over the study period were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>398,235 patients satisfied the asthma case definition (mid-point prevalence 8.0%). Patients consumed $315.9 million (M) in direct asthma-related health resources between 2002 and 2007. Hospitalizations, physician visits, and medication costs accounted for 16.0$49.4 M in 2002 to $54.7 M in 2007. Total annual costs attributable to hospitalizations and physician visits decreased (−39.8% and −25.5%, respectively; p<0.001), while medication costs increased (+38.7%; p<0.001).</p> <h3>Interpretation</h3><p>This population-based analysis shows that the total direct cost of asthma in BC has increased since 2002, mainly due to a rise in asthma prevalence and cost of medication. Combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting beta-agonists has become a significant component of the cost of asthma. Although billing records capture only a fraction of the true burden of asthma, the simultaneous increase in medication costs and reductions in hospitalization and physician visit costs provides valuable insight for policy makers into the shifts in asthma-related resource use.</p> </div

One-way sensitivity analysis: (A) BT versus standard therapy, (B) omalizumab versus BT.

<p>One-way sensitivity analysis: (A) BT versus standard therapy, (B) omalizumab versus BT.</p

Sensitivity analysis for the costs of BT.

<p>Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio as a function of BT’s cost: (A) BT versus standard therapy, (B) omalizumab versus BT.</p