A Mononuclear Fe(III) Single Molecule Magnet with a 3/2↔5/2 Spin Crossover

The air stable complex [(PNP)FeCl(2)] (1) (PNP = N[2-P(CHMe(2))(2)-4-methylphenyl](2)(−)), prepared from one-electron oxidation of [(PNP)FeCl] with ClCPh(3), displays an unusual S = 3/2 to S = 5/2 transition above 80 K as inferred by the dc SQUID magnetic susceptibility measurement. The ac SQUID magnetization data, at zero field and between frequencies 10 and 1042 Hz, clearly reveals complex 1 to undergo a frequency dependent of the out-of-phase signal and thus be a single molecular magnet with a thermally activated barrier of U(eff) = 32-36 cm(−1) (47 - 52 K). Variable temperature Mössbauer data also corroborate a significant temperature dependence in δ and ΔE(Q) values for 1, which is in agreement with the system undergoing a change in spin state. Likewise, variable temperature X-band EPR spectra of 1 reveals the S = 3/2 to be likely the ground state with the S = 5/2 being close in energy. Multi-edge XAS absorption spectra suggest the electronic structure of 1 to be highly covalent with an effective iron oxidation state that is more reduced than the typical ferric complexes due to the significant interaction of the phosphine groups in PNP and Cl ligands with iron. A variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction study of 1 collected between 30-300 K also reveals elongation of the Fe–P bond lengths and increment in the Cl–Fe–Cl angle as the S = 5/2 state is populated. Theoretical studies show overall similar orbital pictures except for the d(z(2)) orbital which is the most sensitivity to change in the geometry and bonding where the quartet ((4)B) and the sextet ((6)A) states are close in energy

A numerical study on the evolution of portfolio rules

In this paper we test computationally the performance of CAPM in an evolutionary setting. In particular we study the stability of distribution of wealth in a financial market where some traders invest as prescribed by CAPM and others behave according to different portfolio rules. Our study is motivated by recent analytical results that show that, whenever a logarithmic utility maximiser enters the market, CAPM traders vanish in the long run. Our analysis provides further insights and extends these results. We simulate a sequence of trades in a financial market and: first, we address the issue of how long is the long run in different parametric settings; second, we study the effect of heterogeneous savings behaviour on asymptotic wealth shares. We find that CAPM is particularly “unfit” for highly risky environments

A Closed-Form Solution of the Multi-Period Portfolio Choice Problem for a Quadratic Utility Function

In the present paper, we derive a closed-form solution of the multi-period portfolio choice problem for a quadratic utility function with and without a riskless asset. All results are derived under weak conditions on the asset returns. No assumption on the correlation structure between different time points is needed and no assumption on the distribution is imposed. All expressions are presented in terms of the conditional mean vectors and the conditional covariance matrices. If the multivariate process of the asset returns is independent it is shown that in the case without a riskless asset the solution is presented as a sequence of optimal portfolio weights obtained by solving the single-period Markowitz optimization problem. The process dynamics are included only in the shape parameter of the utility function. If a riskless asset is present then the multi-period optimal portfolio weights are proportional to the single-period solutions multiplied by time-varying constants which are depending on the process dynamics. Remarkably, in the case of a portfolio selection with the tangency portfolio the multi-period solution coincides with the sequence of the simple-period solutions. Finally, we compare the suggested strategies with existing multi-period portfolio allocation methods for real data.Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, changes: VAR(1)-CCC-GARCH(1,1) process dynamics and the analysis of increasing horizon are included in the simulation study, under revision in Annals of Operations Researc

Mental accounting, access motives, and overinsurance

People exercising mental accounting have an additional motive for buying insurance. They perceive a risk of having insufficient funds available to self-insure. In this way insurance protects the consumption value of the insured asset beyond the expenditure to acquire/replace it. This complements previous approaches based on probability weighting and loss aversion to explain the high profitability of warranties and an aversion toward deductibles. It helps to account for why the value of a warranty is found to be positively related to the value of the product and why there is seemingly contradictory empirical evidence on how household income affects demand for warranties. The adapted model rationalizes a strong aversion to deductibles, and explains the observed sensitivity of this aversion to the insurance context. Finally, it predicts a strong impact of how an insurer pays out benefits on the value and cost of insurance. This can explain both the evidence on strong deductible aversion for flood insurance and the lack of such evidence for long-term care insurance

Affective Reactions Influence Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment With Taxation

We investigate the effect of taxation on gains and losses on the investment behavior of investors. Based on the insights of both economic research on the influence of taxation on investment behavior and psychological concepts dealing with the descriptive decision behavior of investors we expect investors to react to taxation of investment alternatives they face with behavioral and affective changes. By conducting a laboratory experiment with a total of 72 participants based on the experimental design of Fochmann, Kiesewetter, and Sadrieh (2012) that allows to quantify the reactions of investors to taxation on gains and loss deduction independent of their individual risk preferences and additionally measuring the affective reactions of our participants, we explore the role of affect in the relation of taxation and decision making. Hence, we are able to show that affective reactions to the taxation situations, in particular the perceived valence of these situations, influence the change in behavior of investors when confronted with taxation on gains and limited loss deduction

Peculiarities of selecting the gearboxes and wheel shift coefficients in the optimization of drive gear transmissions

В якості вузлового моменту оптимізаційного проектування тягових зубчастих передач залізничного рухомого складу виділено процедуру обґрунтованого вибору коефіцієнтів зміщення шестерень і коліс за рахунок використання відповідних блокувальних контурів. Обґрунтовано актуальність досліджень з розроблення методичного забезпечення для раціонального отримання блокувальних контурів при проектуванні тягових зубастих передач. Представлені розроблені математичні залежності, що пов’язують фіксовані величині обмежувальних і контрольованих параметрів передач з числами зубців і коефіцієнтами зміщення шестерні та колеса. Їх використання дозволяє отримувати конкретні блокувальні контури для вибору коефіцієнтів зміщення шестерні та колеса при оптимізаційному проектуванні тягових зубчастих передач з різними початковими параметрами. Наведено приклад практичної реалізації розроблених математичних залежностей при отриманні блокувального контуру для вибору коефіцієнтів зміщення шестерні та колеса тягової зубчастої передачі сучасного магістрального вантажного тепловозу. Зроблено висновок про доцільність використання запропонованого методичного забезпечення при оптимізаційному проектуванні тягових зубчатих передач.As a key point in the optimization design of traction gears of the railway rolling stock, a procedure for a reasonable choice of the coefficients for the displacement of gears and wheels is provided by using the appropriate blocking circuits. The relevance of studies on the development of methodological support for the rational production of blocking contours in the design of traction-toothed gears is substantiated. The developed mathematical dependences connecting the fixed values of the limiting and controlled parameters of the gears with the numbers of the teeth and the gearing coefficients of the gears and wheels are presented. Their use makes it possible to obtain specific blocking contours for the selection of gear and wheel bias coefficients in the optimization design of traction gears with different initial parameters. An example of the practical implementation of the developed mathematical dependencies in obtaining a blocking contour for selecting the gear displacement coefficients and the traction gear wheel of a modern mainline freight locomotive is given. The conclusion is made about the expediency of using the proposed methodological support in the optimization design of traction gears

Zur Quantifizierung der Risikoprämien deutscher Versicherungsaktien im Kontext eines Multifaktorenmodells

Vorgestellt wird eine empirische Studie, welche den Zusammenhang zwischen Rendite und Risiko für ein Sample deutscher Versicherungsaktien im Zeitraum 1975-1998 untersucht. Als Methode wurde ein Multifaktorenmodell mit makroökonomischen Faktoren verwendet. Je nach Untersuchungszeitraum beläuft sich der Anteil der erklärten Varianz auf 9,29% bis 13,62%. Es konnte eine signifikanter negativer Einfluß zwischen der Veränderung des allgemeinen Zinsniveaus und den Risikoprämien von Versicherungsaktien identifiziert werden. Weiterhin ist Wechselkurses der DM zum US-Dollar signifikant