Salmonid alphavirus infection causes skin dysbiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts

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Immune gene profiles in Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) post-smolts infected with SAV3 by bath-challenge show a delayed response and lower levels of gene transcription compared to injected fish

Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway, Research grant # 224885/E40. The following people are thanked for their expert technical assistance and help during sampling; Ann Catherine Bårdsgjære Einen, Stig Mæhle, Ingrid Fiksdal and Miriam Castillo Furné. Thanks also to Ivar Helge Matre at Matre Research Station, IMR for the production of fish and Joachim Nordbø for fish husbandry and help with sampling. Øystein Evensen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, is acknowledged for providing the SAV3 isolate.Peer reviewedPostprin

Atlantic salmon adapted to seawater for 9 weeks develop a robust immune response to salmonid alphavirus upon bath challenge

This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway. Research grant # 224885/E40. The following people are thanked for their expert technical assistance and help during sampling and analysis; Ann Catherine Einen Bårdsgjære, Stig Mæhle, Ingrid Fiksdal and Miriam Castillo Furné. Thanks also to Ivar Helge Matre (Matre Research Station, Institute for Marine Research) for production of fish and Joachim Nordbø for fish husbandry and help with sampling. Kai Ove Skaftnesmoe is thanked for the preparation of Fig. 6. Øystein Evensen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, is acknowledged for providing the SAV3 isolate.Peer reviewedPostprin

Atlantic salmon post-smolts adapted for a longer time to seawater develop an effective humoral and cellular immune response against Salmonid alphavirus

This research was funded by the Research Council of Norway [grant number 224885/E40].Peer reviewedPostprin

Correction: Triploid atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts accumulate prevalence more slowly than diploid salmon following bath challenge with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175468.]

Changes in the alpha diversity of the Atlantic salmon skin microbial community in response to SAV3 infection.

<p>A) Total number of OTUs. B) Chao1. C) Shannon diversity index. LD_D7: low-dose infected day 7; LD_D14: low-dose infected day 14; HD_D7: high-dose infected day 7; HD_D14: high-dose infected day 14.</p

Presence of SAV-3 in the heart tissue of Atlantic salmon used in the present study.

<p>SAV-3 copy numbers were estimated by qPCR using the nsP1 gene.</p

SAV3 infection results in increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens.

<p>Percentage of total OTUs respresented by <i>Vibrionaceae</i> (A), <i>Flavobacteriaceae</i> (B) and <i>Streptococcaceae</i> (C) in control and SAV-infected groups. The P values obtained in the statistical analysis are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172856#pone.0172856.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. LD_D7: low-dose infected day 7; LD_D14: low-dose infected day 14; HD_D7: high-dose infected day 7; HD_D14: high-dose infected day 14.</p

List of OTUs with significantly different abundances among experimental groups in this study.

<p>List of OTUs with significantly different abundances among experimental groups in this study.</p