New physical principles of contact thermoelectric cooling

We suggest a new approach to the theory of the contact thermoelectric cooling (Peltier effect). The metal-metal, metal-n-type semiconductor, metal-p-type semiconductor, p-n junction contacts are analyzed. Both degenerate and non-degenerate electron and hole gases are considered. The role of recombination in the contact cooling effect is discussed by the first time.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, revtex

Contact-eutectic-lens fabrication technique

Method enables use of crystal or semiconductor materials with selective spectral-response characteristics (ultraviolet, visible, or infrared wavelengths) in fabrication of contact lenses, reading glasses, and photographic processing equipment

Spin-correlation functions in ultracold paired atomic-fermion systems: sum rules, self-consistent approximations, and mean fields

The spin response functions measured in multi-component fermion gases by means of rf transitions between hyperfine states are strongly constrained by the symmetry of the interatomic interactions. Such constraints are reflected in the spin f-sum rule that the response functions must obey. In particular, only if the effective interactions are not fully invariant in SU(2) spin space, are the response functions sensitive to mean field and pairing effects. We demonstrate, via a self-consistent calculation of the spin-spin correlation function within the framework of Hartree-Fock-BCS theory, how one can derive a correlation function explicitly obeying the f-sum rule. By contrast, simple one-loop approximations to the spin response functions do not satisfy the sum rule. As we show, the emergence of a second peak at higher frequency in the rf spectrum, as observed in a recent experiment in trapped $^6\text{Li}$, can be understood as the contribution from the paired fermions, with a shift of the peak from the normal particle response proportional to the square of the BCS pairing gap.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, content adde

Multifractal analysis of complex networks

Complex networks have recently attracted much attention in diverse areas of science and technology. Many networks such as the WWW and biological networks are known to display spatial heterogeneity which can be characterized by their fractal dimensions. Multifractal analysis is a useful way to systematically describe the spatial heterogeneity of both theoretical and experimental fractal patterns. In this paper, we introduce a new box covering algorithm for multifractal analysis of complex networks. This algorithm is used to calculate the generalized fractal dimensions $D_{q}$ of some theoretical networks, namely scale-free networks, small world networks and random networks, and one kind of real networks, namely protein-protein interaction networks of different species. Our numerical results indicate the existence of multifractality in scale-free networks and protein-protein interaction networks, while the multifractal behavior is not clear-cut for small world networks and random networks. The possible variation of $D_{q}$ due to changes in the parameters of the theoretical network models is also discussed.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, 4 table

On Wilson Criterion

U(1) gauge theory with the Villain action on a cubic lattice approximation of three- and four-dimensional torus is considered. The naturally chosen correlation functions converge to the correlation functions of the R-gauge electrodynamics on three- and four-dimensional torus as the lattice spacing approaches zero only for the special scaling. This special scaling depends on a choice of a correlation function system. Another scalings give the degenerate continuum limits. The Wilson criterion for the confinement is ambiguous. The asymptotics of the smeared Wilson loop integral for the large loop perimeters is defined by the density of the loop smearing over a torus which is transversal to the loop plane. When the initial torus radius tends to infinity the correlation functions converge to the correlation functions of the R-gauge Euclidean electrodynamics.Comment: latex, 6 page