Chloride waters of Great Britain revisited: from subsea formation waters to onshore geothermal fluids

It has long been known that chloride-dominated saline ground waters occur at depth in the UK, not only beneath the sea but also onshore at depths of a few hundred metres. In a few places in northern England, these saline waters discharge naturally at surface in the form of springs. In recent years, however, these saline ground waters have come to be regarded as resources: as potential geothermal fluids intercepted in deep boreholes. Comparisons of the major ions and stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O and δ34S) of these saline ground waters with North Sea oilfield formation waters, and with brines encountered in former subsea workings of coastal collieries, reveal that they are quite distinct from those found in North Sea oilfields, in that their as δ2H/δ18O signatures are distinctly “meteoric”. δ34S data preclude a significant input from evaporite dissolution – another contrast with many North Sea brines and some colliery waters. Yet, enigmatically, their total dissolved solids contents are far higher than typical meteoric waters. It is tentatively suggested that these paradoxical hydrogeochemical properties might be explained by recharge during Cenozoic uplift episodes, with high concentrations of solutes being derived by a combination of high-temperature rock–water interaction in the radiothermal granites and/or ‘freeze out’ from overlying permafrost that surely formed in this region during cold periods. Geothermometric calculations suggest these saline waters may well be representative of potentially valuable geothermal reservoirs

Wetland-based passive treatment systems for gold ore processing effluents containing residual cyanide, metals and nitrogen species

Gold extraction operations generate a variety of wastes requiring responsible disposal in compliance with current environmental regulations. During recent decades, increased emphasis has been placed on effluent control and treatment, in order to avoid the threat to the environment posed by toxic constituents. In many modern gold mining and ore processing operations, cyanide species are of most immediate concern. Given that natural degradation processes are known to reduce the toxicity of cyanide over time, trials have been made at laboratory and field scales into the feasibility of using wetland-based passive systems as low-cost and environmentally friendly methods for long-term treatment of leachates from closed gold mine tailing disposal facilities. Laboratory experiments on discrete aerobic and anaerobic treatment units supported the development of design parameters for the construction of a field-scale passive system at a gold mine site in northern Spain. An in situ pilot-scale wetland treatment system was designed, constructed and monitored over a nine-month period. Overall, the results suggest that compost-based constructed wetlands are capable of detoxifying cyanidation effluents, removing about 21.6% of dissolved cyanide and 98% of Cu, as well as nitrite and nitrate. Wetland-based passive systems can therefore be considered as a viable technology for removal of residual concentrations of cyanide from leachates emanating from closed gold mine tailing disposal facilities

An Evaluation of Bethel High School\u27s Business Program

The following goals were used to direct this study: 1. Determine the current employment status, sue of skills learned in the business program, length of employment, current wage/salary, and if unemployed, the reason for unemployment; 2. Determine the level of business program skills learned in high school relative to the level needed in the workplace and/or further education; 3. Determine the quality of the business program facilities, equipment/tools, courses offered, teachers, and Future Business Leaders of America student organization; 4. Determine the current educational status of the business program completers

A Value Approach: Some Notes Toward the Educational/Competitive Aspects of Forensics Programs

This study attempted to investigate the educational/competitive values in co-curricular forensics programs. The study made two major assumptions (1) that individual events programs should be linked to the curriculum and (2) that the identification and development of educational values would contribute to the improvement of forensic instruction. It was the purpose of this study to offer an examination of five current studies in higher education suggesting curricular reform. These studies included; (a) Involvement in Learning: Realizing the Potential of American Higher Education (1984), (b) Project on Redefining the Meaning and Purpose of Baccalaureate Degrees (1985), (c) The report entitled To Reclaim a Legacy, (1984), (d) College: The Undergraduate Experience (1987), and (e) 50 Hours: A Core Curriculum for College Students (1989). In addition the study\u27s purpose was to design a perspective for the identification and development of specific values in co-curricular forensic instruction. Finally, the study provided an analysis of value-orientated teaching strategies and their implications for the forensic community. The study found that the traditional forensic tournament as an instructional model was affirmed, and that three clusters of values in the non-academic aspect of the forensic program were deemed important. These clusters included (1) a sense of trust, acceptance and belonging, (2) a sense of responsibility and self respect, and (3) a sense of accomplishment

Interferometer angle-of-arrival determination using precalculated phases

Published online 1 SEP 2017A method has been developed to determine the angle of arrival (AoA) of incident radiation using precomputed lookup tables. The phase difference between two receiving antennas can be used to infer AoA as measured from the pair baseline, but there will be more than one possible solution for antenna spacings greater than or equal to half a wavelength. Larger spacings are preferable to minimize mutual coupling of elements in the receive array and to decrease the relative uncertainty in measured phase difference. We present a solution that uses all unique antenna pairs to determine probabilities for all possible azimuth and zenith values. Prior to analysis, the expected phase differences for all AoAs are calculated for each antenna pair. For a received signal, histograms of possible AoAs for each antenna pair phase difference are extracted and added to produce a two‐dimensional probability density array that will maximize at the true value of the AoA. A benefit of this method is that all possible antenna pairs are utilized rather than the restriction to specific pairs along baselines used by some interferometer algorithms. Numerical simulations indicate that performance of the suggested algorithm exceeds that of existing methods, with the benefit of additional flexibility in antenna placement. Meteor radar data have been used to test this method against existing methods, with excellent agreement between the two approaches. This method of AoA determination will allow the construction of low‐cost interferometric direction finding arrays with different layouts, including construction of difficult terrain and three‐dimensional antenna arrangements. Plain Language Summary A method has been developed to determine the direction that radio waves are coming from when detected by an arrangement of antennas. The method looks at each of the unique pairs of antennas and compares the received signal with what would be expected for all possible directions. The results from all of the pairs of antennas are added to find the true direction that the radio waves are coming from. This improves the accuracy of simple radars and allows different types of antenna patterns to be used. Computer simulations show that the suggested method is very effective. Tests of data from a real radar also show excellent agreement between the new method and existing techniques.J. P. Younger and I. M. Rei

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of free convection in a layered porous enclosure

Three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out for the study of free convection in a layered porous enclosure heated from below and cooled from the top. The system is defined as a cubic porous enclosure comprising three layers, of which the external ones share constant physical properties and the internal layer is allowed to vary in both permeability and thermal conductivity. The model is based on Darcy's law and the Boussinesq approximation. A parametric study to evaluate the sensitivity of the Nusselt number to a decrease in the permeability of the internal layer shows that strong permeability contrasts are required to observe an appreciable drop in the Nusselt number. If additionally the thickness of the internal layer is increased, a further decrease in the Nusselt number is observed as long as the convective modes remain the same, if the convective modes change the Nusselt number may increase. Decreasing the thermal conductivity of the middle layer causes first an increment in the Nusselt number and then a drop. On the other hand, the Nusselt number decreases in an approximately linear trend when the thermal conductivity of the layer is increased