40 research outputs found
Novel Methods for Measuring the Thermal Diffusivity and the Thermal Conductivity of a Lithium-Ion Battery
Thermal conductivity is a fundamental parameter in every battery pack model. It allows for the calculation of internal temperature gradients which affect cell safety and cell degradation. The accuracy of the measurement for thermal conductivity is directly proportional to the accuracy of any thermal calculation. Currently the battery industry uses archaic methods for measuring this property which have errors up to 50 %. This includes the constituent material approach, the Searleās bar method, laser/Xeon flash and the transient plane source method. In this paper we detail three novel methods for measuring both the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity to within 5.6 %. These have been specifically designed for bodies like lithium-ion batteries which are encased in a thermally conductive material. The novelty in these methods comes from maintaining a symmetrical thermal boundary condition about the middle of the cell. By using symmetric boundary conditions, the thermal pathway around the cell casing can be significantly reduced, leading to improved measurement accuracy. These novel methods represent the future for thermal characterisation of lithium-ion batteries. Continuing to use flawed measurement methods will only diminish the performance of battery packs and slow the rate of decarbonisation in the transport sector
The SKY Model of Limited BlockChain in an App Ecosystem
Mobile App based market is rapidly becoming popular. As such, it is an opportunity to bring hassle-free transactions to peopleās mobile phones. But the multi-billion dollar App market pays a great amount of money in transaction costs and banking services. This paper provides a solution by integrating BlockChain technology with Mobile-App based economy. We first describe the various concepts involved in BlockChain and App technology. Then we deliberate on how the two can be brought together without a glitch in either of the systems. This model is named as the SKY Model, each letter in the word SKY respectively standing for the initials of the authors. We also discuss the various merits of a BlockChain amalgamated with Mobile App based economy. We then go on to show how a decentralised economic system can be brought about on Mobile Apps through The SKY Model of Limited BlockChain
The SKY Model of Limited BlockChain in an App Ecosystem
Mobile App based market is rapidly becoming popular. As such, it is an opportunity to bring hassle-free transactions to peopleās mobile phones. But the multi-billion dollar App market pays a great amount of money in transaction costs and banking services. This paper provides a solution by integrating BlockChain technology with Mobile-App based economy. We first describe the various concepts involved in BlockChain and App technology. Then we deliberate on how the two can be brought together without a glitch in either of the systems. This model is named as the SKY Model, each letter in the word SKY respectively standing for the initials of the authors. We also discuss the various merits of a BlockChain amalgamated with Mobile App based economy. We then go on to show how a decentralised economic system can be brought about on Mobile Apps through The SKY Model of Limited BlockChain
Integrin affinity modulation and survival signalling.
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that provide a bi-directional link
between the cellās internal biological mechanisms and the extracellular environment.
During inside-out signalling, intracellular messages converge on the integrin
cytoplasmic domain to induce a conformational change. This is transmitted to the
extracellular domain where it results in an alteration in affinity for integrin ligands
such as fibronectin and laminin. In this way the cell has developed the ability to
modulate the critical functions of adhesion and cell movement. In outside-in
signalling, the integrin performs a more complex function than simple adhesion;
upon binding to ligand, the integrin extracellular domain undergoes a conformational
change which is transmitted to the cytoplasmic domain. This alters the integrinās
cytoplasmic domain affinity for intracellular signalling proteins and results in the
activation of intracellular second messenger pathways. In this way, the extracellular
milieu is able to influence intracellular signalling including those involved in
apoptosis.
This thesis demonstrates data which provide original insights into bi-directional
integrin signalling:
Inside-out signalling: Constitutively active Notch1 increases Ī²3-integrin affinity and
abrogates Hras-mediated integrin suppression without increasing expression of Ī²3-
integrin. Dominant-Negative Rras blocks Notch-mediated integrin activation and
Notch1-mediated reversal of Hras and Raf-mediated integrin suppression and this is
independent of erk phosphorylation. Notch1 induces Rras activation. Functional
adhesion assays confirm that Notch1IC increases K562 adhesion in a Ī²1-integrin
dependent manner and this is abrogated by Dominant-Negative Rras. This data
supports a mechanism in which Notch1 increases integrin affinity via activation of
Rras.
Outside-in signalling: Evidence is presented demonstrating that extracellular matrix
proteins, laminin and fibronectin, activate Ī²1-integrins to protect SCLC cells against
the apoptotic effects of etoposide and ionizing radiation via PI3Kinase activation.
This occurs in two ways: 1) PI3Kinase-dependent Ī²1-integrin signalling resulting in
phosphorylation of Bad and reduced caspase-9 cleavage and 2) a Ī²1-integrinmediated
over-riding of etoposide and radiotherapy-induced cell cycle S phase delay
and G2/M arrest. Ī²1-integrin-mediated outside-in survival signalling was
investigated further in the in vivo setting; MatrigelTM, a basement membrane product
rich in extracellular matrix proteins, promoted SCLC xenograft survival and growth
in a Ī²1-integrin and tyrosine kinase-dependent manner.
This data provides novel insights into the critical functions that integrins play in
adhesion and survival signalling
A Review on New Technique for Embedding Image into Audio as a Watermark using DCT
Globalization and internet are the two main reasons for rapidly spreading of the multimedia information and due to that ownership and copyright of multimedia files are not usually protected by the providers. Digital watermarking is one of the best ways for copyright protection. Researchers are trying to invent new techniques that increase the security, Robustness and many more things. In this paper we proposed a new technique based on DCT. In this technique bits used as a watermark are inserted in whole audio file. Watermarked bits are inserted in all frames ā first bit in such a way that it should not affect the original media file. This method is comparatively easy to implement, more robust and can carry more data as a watermark