Влияние неопределенности при расчёте средневзвешенного пластового давления на оценку запасов газового месторождения методом материального баланса

Ключевые слова: материальный баланс, аудит запасов, газ, средневзвешенное давление, сеноманская залежь, неопределенность в определении среднего давления, синтетическая модель. Объектом исследования является степень неопределенности средневзвешенного пластового давления газового месторождения Цель работы – сравнительный анализ методов определения среднего давления, их неопределенности, влияющие на оценку запасов газового месторождения методом материального баланса. В процессе исследования были изучены: материальный баланс для газового месторождения; способы усреднения пластового давления; неопределенности в определении средневзвешенного пластового давления; специальные программные продукты- 슫Петрель슻, 슫Сёрфер슻. В результате исследования были получены: сравнительные характеристики методовKey words: material balance, audit of reserves, gas, average pressure, senoman formation, uncertainty in average pressure estimation, synthetic model. The object of research is uncertainty in average reservoir pressure estimation. The aim of research – ranking of methods of average pressure estimation, their uncertainties that affect the gas field OGIP estimation by the methods of material balance application. In the process of research the following topics were studied: material balance for gas filed; methods of formation pressure averaging; uncertainties in average pressure estimation; “Petrel” and “Surfer” program products. The obtained results are: ranking of result of averaging methods; the comparison of OGIP between geological model and OGIP provided by material balance; the analysi

Human SP-A and a pharmacy-grade porcine lung surfactant extract can be reconstituted into tubular myelin--a comparative structural study of alveolar surfactants using cryo-transmission electron microscopy.

Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) is a rather artefact-free method, well suited to study the alveolar surfactant system. A pharmacy grade porcine lung surfactant extract (HL-10) was mixed with human SP-A and Ringer's solution (for calcium ions), and it was shown by cryo-TEM that the tubular myelin (TM) type of structure was reconstituted. These aggregates were associated to liposomal aggregates, and resulted in macroscopic phase-separation. This phase showed a weak birefringence in the polarising microscope, which is characteristic for a liquid-crystalline type of structure. TM from rabbit lung lavage was also examined, and showed the same periodic arrangement of bilayers as alveolar surface layer from freshly cut rabbit lungs deposited directly on the cryo-TEM grids. The distance between the bilayers of TM was 40-50 nm, and an electron dense material, assumed to be SP-A, was sometimes seen to occur periodically along the bilayers, oriented perpendicularly to the tubuli. The results are consistent with the surface-phase model of the alveolar lining

The international demand for Thailand's rice exports

The familiar 'small country' assumption is tested empirically in this paper, focussing upon the long-run international demand for Thailand's rice exports and drawing upon recent developments in the statistical analysis of economic time series. A relatively robust long-run price elasticity of export demand is obtained, at just under 2. The literature on the export demand for manufactured goods has shown the central importance of the 'normalisation' used during estimation. Our results suggest that this issue may not be as important in the case of primary commodity exports, at least not where the exporting country possesses a degree of monopoly power

The prion gene is associated with human long-term memory

Human cognitive processes are highly variable across individuals and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although genetic variations affect short-term memory in humans, it is unknown whether genetic variability has also an impact on long-term memory. Because prion-like conformational changes may be involved in the induction of long-lasting synaptic plasticity, we examined the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP) on long-term memory in healthy young humans. SNPs in the genomic region of PRNP were associated with better long-term memory performance in two independent populations with different educational background. Among the examined PRNP SNPs, the common Met129Val polymorphism yielded the highest effect size. Twenty-four hours after a word list-learning task, carriers of either the 129MM or the 129MV genotype recalled 17% more information than 129VV carriers, but short-term memory was unaffected. These results suggest a role for the prion protein in the formation of long-term memory in human

The influence of stereotypes about old age on the perception of elderly employees’ labor activity

In this article the problem of increasing retirement age in terms of age discrimination and creating conditions encouraging elderly people to continue to work is discussed. This paper presents a study of stereotypes that affect students of management specialties in Russian institutions of higher education between the ages of 20 to 25 years old. The stereotype is investigated in the context of emotionally colored image of reality simplifying the process of perceiving it. The correlation between the students’ existing stereotypes about elderly people and their perception of older employees has been conducted. As a result, 5 stereotypes that exist in young people have been defined. An analysis of the words chosen by students to describe the elderly shows little diversity in young people’s perception of them. Lexical analysis shows that in the Russian language there are practically no concepts which allow creating a positive image of the elderly. The influence of the stereotypes on the perception of elderly people in terms of employment shows that older specialists are perceived as people with experience and knowledge but these experience and knowledge are irrelevant to the present

Учет оплаты труда на примере ООО «Клининговая компания Моррис»

В работе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты начисления заработной платы, начисления и удержания. Приведена практическая реализация на примере ООО. Выявлены ошибки и предложены рекомендации предприятию.The paper considers the theoretical aspects of payroll, accrual and retention. The practical implementation of the example of LLC. Errors were identified and recommendations made to the enterprise

Glucocorticoid-related genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease

Because glucocorticoid excess increases neuronal vulnerability, genetic variations in the glucocorticoid system may be related to the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 glucocorticoid-related genes in a population of 814 AD patients and unrelated control subjects. Set-association analysis revealed that a rare haplotype in the 5′ regulatory region of the gene encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) was associated with a 6-fold increased risk for sporadic AD. Results of a reporter-gene assay indicated that the rare risk-associated haplotype altered HSD11B1 transcription. HSD11B1 controls tissue levels of biologically active glucocorticoids and thereby influences neuronal vulnerability. Our results indicate that a functional variation in the glucocorticoid system increases the risk for AD, which may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of this diseas

Better Memory and Neural Efficiency in Young Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but an APOE effect on memory performance and memory-related neurophysiology in young, healthy subjects is unknown. We found an association of APOE ε4 with better episodic memory compared with APOE ε2 and ε3 in 340 young, healthy persons. Neuroimaging was performed in a subset of 34 memory-matched individuals to study genetic effects on memory-related brain activity independently of differential performance. E4 carriers decreased brain activity over 3 learning runs, whereas ε2 and ε3 carriers increased activity. This smaller neural investment of ε4 carriers into learning reappeared during retrieval: ε4 carriers exhibited reduced retrieval-related activity with equal retrieval performance. APOE isoforms had no differential effects on cognitive measures other than memory, brain volumes, and brain activity related to working memory. We suggest that APOE ε4 is associated with good episodic memory and an economic use of memory-related neural resources in young, healthy human